Ọnọdụ ala nke Malawi
Malawi bụ mba na-enweghị mmiri na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka. Ọ dị kpamkpam n'ime ebe okpomọkụ; site na ihe dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ itoolu °iri atọS n'ebe ugwu ya ruo ihe dị ka iri na itoolu °S n'akụkụ ndịda. Mba ahụ nwere obere ala dị n'etiti Zambia na Mozambique, na-agbasa n'ebe ndịda n'ime Mozambique n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu nke Osimiri Shire. N'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ ọ na-enwekwa ókèala ya na Tanzania. A na-ejikọta Malawi site na ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Mozambik nke Nacala na Beira. Ọ dị n'etiti latitudes 9° na 18°S, na longitudes 32° na 36°E.
Great Rift Valley na-agafe mba ahụ site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda. Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi dị n'ime ndagwurugwu rift, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ókè ọwụwa anyanwụ Malawi.[1] Osimiri Shire na-agbadata na ndagwurugwu rift site na njedebe ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji sonyere Osimiri Zambezi n'ebe ndịda na Mozambique.
Ala dị larịị na ugwu dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Rift Valley. Plateau Nyika dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ. A na-akpọ Shire Highlands dị n'ebe ndịda Malawi, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ndagwurugwu rift na Osimiri Shire na ndịda Lake Malawi. Ugwu Zomba na Mulanje si n'ugwu ahụ na-arịgo ruo n'Ugwu nke mita nde abụọ na otu narị na nde atọ (nde asaa na nde iri ).[1]
Malawi nwere ebe abụọ edepụtara na nke akpọrọ UNESCO World Heritage List. E depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ Lake Malawi na afọ 1984 ma depụta nke akpọrọ ihe ndịa na bekee Chongoni Rock Art Area na afọ 2006.[2] Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Malawi na-ekpo ọkụ n'ebe ndị dị ala n'ebe Ndịda nke mba ahụ ma na-ekpuchi n'ebe ugwu ugwu.
Ọdịdị ala
dezie
Great Rift Valley na-agafe mba ahụ site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda. N'ime ndagwurugwu miri emi bụ Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi (nke a na-akpọkwa Ọdọ Mmị Nyasa), ọdọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'Afrika nke mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasenti iri abụọ na ise nke mpaghara Malawi. A na-akpọ Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi mgbe ụfọdụ Ọdọ Mmị Kalenda n'ihi na ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita narị ise na iri asatọ na asaa (narị atọ iri isii na ise mi) n'ogologo na iri asatọ na ano(iri ise na abụọ mi) n"obosara.[3] Elu ọdọ iri Malawi dị na narị anọ na iri isii m (otu nde na narị isii ft) n'elu oke osimiri, na omimi kachasị nke narị asaa m (otu nde na narị ato ), nke pụtara na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ karịrị narị abụọ na iri m (narị asaa ) n"okpuru oke osimiri n'ebe ụfọdụ. Osimiri Shire na-esi na njedebe ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọ ma sonye na Osimiri Zambezi narị anọ km (narị abụọ na iri ise mi) n'ebe ndịda na Mozambique.
N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Great Ri Valley, ala ahụ na-emepụta ala dị elu, ala dị elu na-arị elu n'ozuzu narị itoolu na iri ruo otu nde narị abụọ na iri abụọ m (nde atọ ruo nde anọ ft) n'elu oke osimiri. N'ebe ugwu, Ugwu Nyika na-arịgo elu ruo nde abụọ na narị anọ m (nde asatọ ). Ebe dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n' ugwu na etiti Malawi ka World Wildlife Fund kewara dị ka akụkụ nke Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.
Ndịda ọdọ miri ahụ bụ Shire Highlands, nke nwere ịdị elu nke narị isii, narị isii m (nde abụọ , narị ise ft), na-arịgo elu nke nde abụọ otu nar na iri atọ na nde atọ na abụọ m (nde isii narị itoolu iri asatọ na asatọ na nde itoolu narị asatọ iri anọ na itoolu ) na Zomba Plateau na Mulanje Massif n'otu n'otu. Kirk Range dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Shire, ma mepụta ókèala ya na Mozambique. N'etiti etiti ya n'etiti Chigaru na Chikwawa, Osiri Shire na-ada ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị a e m (otu nde na narị atọ ) site na (iri ise mi) nke ndagwurugwu, rapids, na cataracts. N'ebe ndịda, Shire na-abanye n'ala ala dị ala nke Zambezi, na ịdị elu ya bụ naanị iri isii ruo iri itoolu m (2
Narị abụọ ruo narị atọ ) n'elu oke osimiri.
Malawi nwere ogige ntụrụndụ mba ise:
- Ogige Ntụrụndụ Cape Maclear
- Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kasungu
- Ogige Ntụrụndụ Lengwe
- Ogige Ntụrụndụ Liwonde
- Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nyika
ihu igwe
dezieỌnọdụ ihu igwe Malawi na-abụkarị nke okpomọkụ. Elu ugwu ahụ na-eme ka ihe ga-abụ ihu igwe dị n'etiti. N'agbata n'ọnwa Nọvemba na Eprel, okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri ozuzo na égbè eluigwe, na oké ifufe na-eru oke ike ha na ngwụcha Machị. Mgbe ọnwa Machị gasịrị, mmiri ozuzo na-ebelata ngwa ngwa ma site na Mee ruo ọnwa Septemba mmiri ozuzo si n'ugwu na-ese n'elu ugwu banye n'elu ala, na-enweghị mmiri ozuzo n'oge ọnwa ndị a.[1]
Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ekpuchi mmiri site na ọnwa Septemba ruo Eprel n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ala Shire Valley, na nkezi oge ehihie kachasị gburugburu iri na abụọ ruo iri abụọ na itoolu °C (80.6 ruo 84.2 ). Lilongwe na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ekpuchi n'oge ọnwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị obere karịa na ndịda. Ndị ọzọ nọ na mba ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge ọnwa ndị ahụ na okpomọkụ kachasị elu n'ehihie gburugburu iri abụọ na ise °C (iri asaa na asaa ). Site na ọnwa Jun ruo Ọgọọst mpaghara ọdọ mmiri na ndịda na-ekpo ọkụ nke ọma, na-ekpuchi iri abụọ na atọ (73.4 °F) n'ehihie, mana ebe ndị ọzọ dị na Malawi nwere ike ịjụ oyi n'abalị, na okpomọkụ sitere na 1014 °C (50.057.2 ). Ebe ndị dị elu dị ka Mulanje na Nyika na-ajụkarị oyi n'abalị (ihe dị ka isii ruo asatọ .C ma ọ bụ .iri anọ na abụọ pom asatọ ruo iri anọ na isii pom anọ F) n'oge June na Julaị
Karonga nke dị n'ebe ugwu na-egosi obere ọdịiche na okpomọkụ na okpompe kachasị elu n'ehihie na-anọ gburugburu iri abụọ na ise ruo iri abụọ na isii °C (iri asaa na asaa ruo iri asaa na asatọ pom asatọ ) n'afọ niile mana ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ọnwa Eprel na Mee bụ oge kachasị mmiri n'afọ n'ihi ike nke ifufe ndịda n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.
| Climate data for Lilongwe (extremes 1981–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.5 (90.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.5 (88.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
34.2 (93.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.5 (94.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.8 (53.2) |
11.7 (53.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
7.9 (46.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.8 (53.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 223 (8.8) |
187 (7.4) |
128 (5.0) |
44 (1.7) |
12 (0.5) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
10 (0.4) |
63 (2.5) |
199 (7.8) |
869 (34.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 18 | 16 | 15 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 17 | 91 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 83 | 82 | 78 | 74 | 69 | 65 | 60 | 52 | 53 | 62 | 78 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 136.4 | 144.1 | 170.5 | 213.0 | 263.5 | 243.0 | 241.8 | 263.5 | 294.0 | 282.1 | 234.0 | 139.5 | 2,625.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 4.4 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 4.5 | 7.2 |
| Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[4] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[5] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Blantyre (Chileka International Airport) 1961–1990, extremes 1939–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.7 (98.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
38.3 (100.9) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.7 (92.7) |
31.7 (89.1) |
38.0 (100.4) |
33.3 (91.9) |
38.6 (101.5) |
39.5 (103.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
36.5 (97.7) |
39.5 (103.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.4 (83.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.2 (84.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.1 (48.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 198.0 (7.80) |
181.4 (7.14) |
152.0 (5.98) |
45.9 (1.81) |
9.9 (0.39) |
2.1 (0.08) |
2.4 (0.09) |
1.2 (0.05) |
3.5 (0.14) |
29.2 (1.15) |
93.0 (3.66) |
178.0 (7.01) |
896.6 (35.30) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) | 16 | 14 | 12 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 83 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 80 | 78 | 75 | 69 | 66 | 64 | 50 | 52 | 53 | 61 | 75 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 198.4 | 182.0 | 217.0 | 237.0 | 260.4 | 237.0 | 232.3 | 260.4 | 270.0 | 275.9 | 228.0 | 198.4 | 2,797 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.4 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 7.7 |
| Source 1: NOAA[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Karonga (1961-1990 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 29.6 (85.3) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.4 (90.3) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.4 (79.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 132.3 (5.21) |
120.0 (4.72) |
206.0 (8.11) |
130.0 (5.12) |
19.4 (0.76) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.3 (0.05) |
39.4 (1.55) |
149.0 (5.87) |
799.3 (31.47) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 80 | 82 | 80 | 74 | 66 | 65 | 64 | 60 | 56 | 62 | 75 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 176.7 | 170.8 | 207.7 | 222.0 | 254.2 | 264.0 | 285.2 | 306.9 | 306.0 | 319.3 | 273.0 | 213.9 | 2,999.7 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 8.2 |
| Source: NOAA[8] | |||||||||||||
Mpaghara
dezieNgụkọta mpaghara nke mba ahụ bụ ọnụ Ọgụgụ ndịa ;118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi), mana nke a gụnyere 24,404 km2 (9,422 ) nke mmiri, nke ọdọ mmiri Malawi mejupụtara, mana enwere ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ buru ibu, dị ka Lake Malombe, Lake Chilwa na Lake Чита. Ala ahụ bụ 94,080 km2.
Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi jupụtara na mba ahụ, nke na-asọba n'Osimiri Zambezi site na Osimiri Shire. N'ihi ya, mba ahụ dum, ma e wezụga otu mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ akụkụ nke usoro mmiri Zambezi. Osimiri Lugenda na-agbanye mmiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Чита na ala dị larịị gbara ya gburugburu, nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro mmiri nke Osimiri Ruvuma. Ọdọ Mri Chilwa, ihe dị ka iri atọ na ise iri abụọ na abụọ mi) n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ihi na ọ nweghị ụzọ ọ ga-esi pụọ ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ọ na-asọba ọ na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri site na ala dị larịị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke a na-akpọ evaporation na bekee na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ anaghị ejupụta ọtụtụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ naanị otu mita miri ma ọ bụ obere.
Ihe ndị na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi: Mgbukpọ ọhịa; mmebi ala; mmetọ mmiri sitere na nsị ọrụ ugbo, nsị, ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ; nsị nke ebe a na-amụ nwa na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ n'ihe ize ndụ
Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa: otu na: nke ana-kpo ihe ndịa: na bekee Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Changement-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands bịanyere aka, mana a kwadoghị: Iwu nke Oké Osimiri[9]
Ihe ndị dị oke mkpa
dezieNke a bụ ndepụta nke ebe ndị dị oke mkpa nke Malawi, ebe ndị dị n'ebe ugwu, ndịda, ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ.
- Ebe kachasị n'ebe ugwu - ebe atọ na Tanzania na Zambia, Northern Region
- Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ - ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Mozambique ozugbo n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Mozambik nke Buena-uzi, Southern Region
- Ebe ndịda - ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Mozambique ozugbo n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Mozambican nke Jossene, Southern Region
- Ebe kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Zambia, ozugbo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Chipata nke Zambia, Central Region
Hụkwa
dezie- Ndepụta nke ecoregions na Malawi
- Ndepụta agwaetiti nke Malawi
Ndemsibia
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cutter, Africa 2006, p. 142
- ↑ Turner, The Statesman's Yearbook, p. 824
- ↑ Douglas, John (Summer 1998). "Malawi: The Lake of Stars". Travel Africa (4). Retrieved on 22 August 2008.
- ↑ Klimatafel von Lilongwe (Int. Flugh. Kamuzu) / Malawi (de). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world. Deutscher Wetterdienst.
- ↑ Station Lilongwe (fr). Météo Climat.
- ↑ Chileka Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Station Chileka (fr). Météo Climat.
- ↑ Karonga Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Africa :: Malawi — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. Retrieved on 2019-04-08.