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Ọkụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nke afọ 2006

2006 Southeast Asian haze bụ ihe omume mmetọ ikuku nke na-aga n'ihu, ọkụ na-enweghị nchịkwa site na "slash and burn" cultivation na Indonesia, nke metụtara ọtụtụ mba na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na karịa, gụnyere Malaysia, Singapore, ndịda Thailand, na n'ébé dị ányá dị ka Saipan; mmetụta nke haze nwèrè ike ịgbasa na South Korea.[1][2] Ébé ndị na-emetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara, n'amaghị ama, nyèrè aka n'ịbawanye nsị ikuku (karịsịa n'ebe ndị emetọlarị); ọkachasị ébé ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ gụnyere obodo ndị dị nso na ụlọ ọrụ akwa, ụlọ ọrụ fatịlaịza, ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye anụ, ugbo mmiri ara ehi, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ. Ọnọdụ ikuku dị ala, n'ozuzu, màkà ndị bi n'obodo ndị mmadụ jupụtara. N'ime obodo ukwu na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Klang Valley nke Malaysia, ọkachasị, ala dị elu gbàrà ya gburu-gburu rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-ejigide ikuku na-emetọ emetọ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka anwụrụ ọkụ na-abanye.

Foto Satellite nke alụlụ n'elu Borneo

Enwekwara njikọ na El Niño.[3] El Niño-Southern Oscillation mere ka anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ ka njọ karịa n'ogè gara aga nke mere ka ógè mmiri ozuzo nke afọ ahụ na-egbu ógè. Ọkụ na Kalimantan na-emepụta anwụrụ ọkụ buru ibu, na-ere ọkụ ogologo ógè ma sie ike ịgbanyụ n'ihi na ha dị n'ala peat, ma ozugbo ọkụ gbara, ọkụ nwèrè ike ịgba ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma wepụta gas na-emepụta sulphuric acid.[4]

Ọnọdụ ikuku gafee mpaghara ahụ yiri ka ọ ga-akawanye mmá na ngwụcha ọnwa Ọktọba ka nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-eme ka ọkụ na-ere n'Indonesia.

Mba ndị metụtara

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Brunei

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Brunei, sultanate nwèrè onwé yá nke steeti Sarawak nke East Malaysia gbara gburugburu na Borneo, enweela mmetụta nke anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na Kalimantan. Mmiri ozuzo wetara enyemaka, n'ubochi asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, Pollutant Standards Index adaala na irí anọ na isií, nke dị n'ime "ezi". E nwèrè obere ógè nke ihu igwe doro anya n'ime izu mbụ nke Hari Raya, na-esote ógè mmiri ozuzo. Mànà anwụrụ ọkụ laghachiri na irí atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Màkà Gburu-gburu Ébé Obibi, Ogige Ntụrụndụ na Ntụrụndaka na-edekọ PSI nke 49.[5]

Indonesia

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Ọkụ ahụ bịdoro na Kalimantan, akụkụ Indonesia nke Borneo, na Sumatra, ébé ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-arụzi ọrụ na agroforestry iji kpochapụ ala iji kọọ osisi ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ ahịa tupu ógè uto. Foto Satellite e weghaara Borneo n'ubochi anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba kpughere ihe na-erughị 561 "ebe ọkụ" ebe a gbanyere ọkụ.

N'ihu gburu-gburu ébé obibi, ọkụ bibiri 1 km2 nké Ogige Ntụrụndụ Tesso Nilo na Riau Province.[6] Na Tanjung Puting National Park na Central Kalimantan, anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ metụtara orangutan n'ụzọ dị njọ.[6]

Malaysia

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Mmetụta nke alụlụ bidoro na mbido Julaị ma metụta steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Malaysia nke ukwuu.[7] Otú ọ dị, anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ ewepụla nke ukwuu na Peninsular Malaysia site n'ubochi irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2006 n'ihi mbata nke ógè mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo ahụ belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ébé ndị ọkụ na Sumatra na Malay Peninsula. N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2006, akwụkwọ akụkọ The Star kọrọ na Kuala Lumpur agaghị enwe anwụrụ ọkụ n'ogè ụbọchị nnwere onwe. N'ime mgbede tupu etiti abalị n'ubochi irí atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2006, e dekọrọ ọhụụ na Ndagwurugwu Klang dị ezigbo mma.

Ndepụta mmetọ ikuku

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Mpaghara azụmahịa nke Kuala Lumpur na mgbede nke 29 Septemba 2006. A naghị ahụ Menara Kuala Lumpur anya. Nkezi API maka ụbọchị ahụ dị n'etiti 70 na 80.
Faịlụ:HazeKualaLumpurParliamentHafiz.jpg
Na-eleba anya n'ogige ọdọ mmiri Perdana na Kuala Lumpur n'etiti ehihie nke 16 Ọktoba 2006. API na-agụ 76 na 11 AM. N'ụbọchị ihu igwe gbachapụrụ agbachapụ, a ga-ahụ ụlọ omebe iwu na ihe ncheta mba ahụ na mbara igwe.
Faịlụ:PartlyhazyKualaLumpurParliamentHafiz.jpg
Ihe yiri nke ahụ e sere n'ụtụtụ nke November 2, 2006. Rịba ama na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, Tugu Negara na ugwu.
Daily average API readings in October 2006[8]
Date George Town Kuala Lumpur Malacca Town Johor Bahru Kuantan Kuching
1 38 27 26 50 53 93
2 28 38 46 48 46 112
3 50 38 57 82 52 125
4 60 82 91 66 78 179
5 68 93 103 69 86 163
6 61 101 96 108 80 136
7 81 101 94 157 100 Unavailable
8 63 68 124 134 139 78
9 63 157 98 66 88 78
10 28 90 84 77 84 72
11 26 70 134 94 78 71
12 27 64 170 99 71 80
13 49 79 69 71 72 80
14 63 93 85 89 80 81
15 69 85 90 132 98 78
16 62 78 110 114 108 61
17 60 97 112 129 110 68
18 60 106 90 124 87 68
19 57 100 84 105 75 70
20 57 87 91 128 69 63
21 41 75 82 109 66 75
22 37 79 76 95 60 70
23 34 80 73 95 65 66
24 41 76 74 87 61 53
25 47 43 26 55 42 32
26 31 36 37 49 41 33
27 24 28 34 43 52 35
28 28 49 52 57 46 53
29 26 39 60 60 48 49
30 28 42 42 60 51 51
31 24 50 52 72 53 78

Singapore

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Ọ bụ ezie na anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ hapụrụ Singapore n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ịgụ akwụkwọ irí abụọ na anọ nke Pollutant Standards Index n'ime ụbọchị "Good" maka ụbọchị iri na ise na Septemba na ndị ọzọ na "Moderate" na-adịghị elu karịa ọgụgụ nke iri isii na isii, mmetụta ya na-emerụ ahụ bịara dịkwuo n'ọnwa Ọktoba.[9]

PSI n'ubochi irí na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mụbaa site na nke dị nro n'ụtụtụ iji banye n'ime nke na-adịghị mma n'elekere anọ nke ehihie, ruo 106, tupu ọ laghachi azụ na otu narị na nke dị mma n'etiti elekere iri nke ehihie.[10][11] A na-atụ ányà na ọnọdụ gbara ọchịchịrị ga-anọgide.[10]

N'isi ụtụtụ niile n'ụbọchị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, PSI nọgidere na 90s, tupu ha eruo 103 n'elekere asatọ nke ụtụtụ.[12] Nke a dabara na iri asaá na anọ site na elekere asaa nke ehihie, ọ bụ ezie na PSI nọgidere na 90s n'ehihie.[13] Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ozuzo dara n'ébé ụfọdụ, nke a ezughị "ime ka ọnọdụ alụlụ dị mfe". NEA kwuru na égbè eluigwe ga-eme na ngwụsị izu, mana ifufe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ga-anọgide na-achịkwa.[14] PSI nke awa iri abụọ na anọ n'ubochi irí abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba ruru ébé na-adịghị mma na 102.[9]

Ọtụtụ ndị Singaporean "fitness buffs" mekwara njem n'ime ụlọ. Klọb ahụike kọrọ mmụba na ntụgharị nà ntinye, na-eji ụlọ mmega ahụ karịa ihe omume n'èzí. Ndị na-arị ugwu nwekwara mmetụta, wee bido ịkwaga ihe omume n'ime ụlọ kama.[15]

Dị ka ndị na-ahụ màkà akụ na ụba si kwuo, Singapore tara ahụhụ US $ 50 nde akụ na ụba n'ihi mmalite nke alụlụ n'afọ 2006.[16]

Nnyocha PSI

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Obodo Jurong East nke Singapore na-ekpuchi ihu igwe.
 
Ogige Merlion n'ọnụ Osimiri Singapore dị ka a hụrụ site na Esplanade na ọkwa PSI na-adịghị mma.
24-hour PSI readings in October 2006[17]
Date North South East West Central Overall
1 40 41 38 34 37 41
2 70 73 71 68 70 73
3 55 62 54 61 58 62
4 39 51 39 52 41 52
5 49 53 41 54 45 54
6 56 65 55 80 57 80
7 117 128 101 122 112 128
8 73 86 71 109 80 109
9 49 52 50 52 52 52
10 59 56 57 59 55 59
11 67 64 60 71 70 71
12 65 63 60 71 66 71
13 50 46 43 54 47 54
14 63 57 58 72 57 72
15 92 89 93 93 88 93
16 89 94 91 98 92 98
17 85 80 86 92 84 92
18 84 78 75 92 79 92
19 76 71 73 81 72 81
20 97 98 96 102 96 102
21 75 79 75 81 81 81
22 73 71 67 74 73 74
23 74 81 79 77 80 81
24 52 46 45 58 51 58
25 38 33 33 44 38 44
26 31 29 32 38 36 38
27 29 22 24 31 28 31
28 39 38 38 46 42 46
29 52 45 37 52 50 52
30 52 50 50 53 51 53
31 55 51 48 56 53 56
Avg 62.7 62.9 59.3 68.6 62.6 69.4

Thailand

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N'ọnwa Julaị, mpaghara ndịda Thailand nke Pattani na Satun nwèrè anwụrụ ọkụ na-aga n'ihu na-aga, na ọkwa nkè mmetọ na Satun dị elu iji bụrụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike.[18] N'ozuzu, anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ metụtara mpaghara asaa n'ọnwa Julaị na Ọgọst.

Nzukọ Ndị Minista ASEAN na Mmetọ Haze Transboundary

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Malaysia na Singapore katọrọ ụzọ Indonesia si emeso okwu ahụ. Ha abụọ gbàrà ndị nke ikpeazụ ume ka ha kwado nkwekọrịta ASEAN na Transboundary Haze Pollution. Minista na-ahụ màkà gburu-gburu ébé obibi na Malaysia bụ Azmi Khalid kwùrù na "Nkwụsị bụ obere okwu", nke e zigara Indonesia. E nwekwara ngagharị iwe n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Indonesia na Kuala Lumpur, nke ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara haziri. Praịm Minista Singapore Lee Hsien Loong gosipụtara mmechuihu n'ébé Indonesia nọ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè be Azmi Khalid kwupụtara echiche ya n'ihu ọha.[19] N'ịzaghachi akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, Ónyé isi ala Indonesia rịọrọ mgbaghara màkà anwụrụ ọkụ mpaghara.[20] Indonesia ekwuola na mbụ na ọ nweghị ihe onwunwe iji lụso ọkụ ahụ ọgụ nke ọma.

Singapore tụrụ aro mkparịta ụka mpaghara na alụlụ, nke a ga-eme na Singapore. Otú ọ dị, Indonesia rịọrọ ka e nwee mkparịta ụka dị otú ahụ na Pekan Baru, Kalimantan kama. E kwetara arịrịọ ahụ ma nwee mkparịta ụka n'ubochi irí na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2006. Na nzukọ ahụ, Malaysia tụrụ aro ka e guzobe ego mpaghara iji nyéré ákà lụso ọdachi gburugburu ébé obibi ọgụ.

Site na mbata nke ógè oyi nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ọnwa Disemba, nsogbu alụlụ kwụsịrị n'ụzọ dị irè n'afọ 2006.

Hụkwa

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Ihe osise

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ "Indon haze spreads to NMI", saipantribune.com. Retrieved on 8 October 2006.
  2. ↑ NASA (13 October 2006). Haze over Korea. Archived from the original on 3 August 2007. Retrieved on 30 October 2006.
  3. ↑ "NASA Data Links Indonesian Wildfire Flare-Up to Recent El Nino". Retrieved on 3 January 2007.
  4. ↑ Ghosh, Arijit. 31 October 2006. Fires leave Indonesia's neighbours fuming – Business – Business – theage.com.au, Bloomberg via The Age. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
  5. ↑ Department of Environment, Parks and Recreation PSI reading . Retrieved 1 November 2006.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tan, Tania. "Unhealthy air may last for a few weeks", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 17 October 2006, p. 1.
  7. ↑ The __earthinc. Of possible return of haze 4 July 2006.
  8. ↑ Department of Environment Malaysia (2016-04-27). Retrieved on 2016-05-11.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 PSI Reading for Singapore. Singapore National Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006. Retrieved on 14 October 2006.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hazy conditions expected to persist on Wednesday. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 2 November 2006. Retrieved on 17 October 2006.
  11. ↑ Tan, Tania. "7 prime-time hours of bad air in Singapore", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 18 October 2006, p. 5.
  12. ↑ Tan, Tania. "Late rains mean haze may stay till end-Nov", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 21 October 2006, p. 1.
  13. ↑ "Morning rain brings no reprieve", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 21 October 2006, p. 9.
  14. ↑ Haze Update 20 Oct 2006. National Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved on 20 October 2006.
  15. ↑ Fitness buffs heading indoors to exercise to beat the haze. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved on 21 October 2006.
  16. ↑ Economic loss estimated at US$50 m since the start of the haze. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved on 14 October 2006.
  17. ↑ PSI Reading for Singapore. app.nea.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006.
  18. ↑ Indonesia smog covers two provinces. bangkokpost.com. Retrieved on 8 October 2006.
  19. ↑ Channel News Asia. Singapore expresses disappointment over haze to Indonesia. 11 October 2006.
  20. ↑ Bloomberg. Indonesia Apologizes to Its Neighbors for Smoke Haze. 11 October 2006

Njikọ mpụga

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  • K[1] Ihe osise kachasị ọhụrụ nke ebe anwụrụ ọkụ metụtara n'ógbè ahụ
  • [2] Map hotspot kachasị ọhụrụ
  • National Environment Agency - online forms Nnyocha PSI ugbu a na Singapore
  • Haze alert Akụkọ na Channel NewsAsia
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