Wikipedia

Ọkụ Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nke afọ 2010

   

2010 Southeast Asia haze bụ nsogbu mmetọ ikuku nké metụtara ọtụtụ mba ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Asia dị ka Indonesia, Malaysia na Singapore na Ọktoba 2010.[1]

Nke a mèrè n'ogè ọkọchị n'ọnwa Ọktoba mgbè ndị Indonesian obere ndị nwe ala bi na mpaghara Dumai na Bengkalis, na mpaghara Riau nkè Sumatra, na-agbanye ọkụ ọhịa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.[2] Ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-eji usoro ịkpụcha na ọkụ eme ihe iji kpochapụ ala ngwa ngwa màkà ohere ọrụ ugbo n'ọdịnihu.[3]

N'abalị iri na asatọ na Ọktoba, ọnụ ọgụgụ hotspot na Sumatra ruru narị atọ na iri ise na asatọ.[1]

N'ihi usoro ihu igwe El Nino, ifufe ọdịda anyanwụ buuru anwụrụ ọkụ gaa na mba ndị agbata obi Indonesia na-eme ka ikuku dị na Malaysia na Singapore na-agbada n'ébé dị mmá ruo n'ébé na-adịghị mmá ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị.[1] Ọnọdụ gbara ọchịchịrị abụghị naanị na ọ kpatara mbelata nke ikuku kamakwa ọ kpatara ọhụụ na-adịghị mmá, ọtụtụ mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ na Malaysia na ọtụtụ ọrịa iku ume.[4]

N'ogè ahụ n'afọ ahụ, ikuku ikuku e dekọrọ na Singapore bụ nké kachasị njọ ọ dị kemgbe 2006.[5]

JN'agbanyeghị na ndị minista zutere otu izu tupu nsogbu ahụ màkà nzukọ nke isii nke nkwekọrịta Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN), ébé a tụlere okwu gbásárá alụlụ na ụzọ iji dozie ọkụ ọhịa, gọọmentị Indonesia enweghị ike ịchịkwa ma mee ka iwu gbásárá igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.[6] Nke a mèrè ka Indonesia chee ọtụtụ nkatọ site na mba ndị gbara ya gburu-gburu ihu.

N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ nà Ọktoba 2010, ọnọdụ mmiri ozuzo laghachiri Indonesia nke nyeere aka belata mmepụta nkè alụlụ ma nye enyemaka na ọkwa ikuku.[1]

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya

dezie

  Ọkụ ọhịa na-abụkarị ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akwụsị n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị bụ ndị na-eji usoro ịkpụcha na ọkụ ọkụ iji kpochapụ nnukwu ébé peat na ala màkà ohere ịkụ osisi n'ọdịnihu dị ka mmanụ nkwụ na osisi pulp.[3][7] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị iji kpochapụ ala site na iji usoro slash na ọkụ na Indonesia, ndị nwe obere ala na-ahọrọ ileghara iwu ányá ma gaa n'ihu na omume a n'ihi uru akụ na ụba na gburu-gburu ébé obibi ya.[8][9] Ọ bụghị naanị na usoro ịkpụcha na ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma na-efu ego, a na-ekwere na ọ bara uru màkà mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na uto. Site na usoro ịkpụcha na ọkụ, a na-emepụta ntụ ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka fatịlaịza site n'aka ndị nwe ala n'ihi ikike ya ịkwalite ihe oriri ala, dozie ọkwa pH ala, kpochapụ ihe na-egbu egbu ya nà igbochi uto nke ahịhịa. Ọzọkwa, dị ka a maara ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-eme ka ala dị oke ọnụ ma ghara ịba uru, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-elegharakarị iwu ahụ ányá ma gaa n'ihu na ọrụ igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.[8]

Mba ndị metụtara

dezie

Malaysia

dezie

Igwe ojii nke anwụrụ ọkụ siri ike sitere na ọkụ ọhịa na Indonesia gafere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Malaysia na-emetụta isi obodo Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur na mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị ka Malacca na Johor. Muar, obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị na Johor, nwere Air Pollution Index (API) dị ize ndụ nke 432 mgbè ikuku dị na Malacca mebiri ruo API na-adịghị mma nke otu narị na isii.[10] Nke a mèrè ka ụlọ ọgwụ gọọmentị na ụlọ ọgwụ dị íchè íchè nọrọ na njikere iji kwado oke ọrịa iku ume metụtara anwụrụ ọkụ.[11]

Mmetụta Mmetụta Na-emetọ Mmetụta E dekọrọ na Singapore site na National Environment Agency n'oge 2010 Southeast Asian Haze[12]
Ụbọchị: Ebe Ugwu Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Central N'ozuzu
19 Ọktoba 2010 51 39 33 56 39 33-56
20 Ọktoba 2010 70 72 63 80 67 63-80
21 Ọktoba 2010 72 84 77 83 79 72-84
22 Ọktoba 2010 87 92 95 96 93 87-93
23 Ọktoba 2010 82 79 73 81 81 73-82
24 Ọktoba 2010 33 33 44 36 39 33-44

Tupu Ọgọstụ 2012, NEA nyere mmelite PSI awa 24 na ikuku ikuku na Singapore otu ugboro n'ụbọchị na 4pm. Kemgbe ahụ, NEA amụbawo ugboro ole mmelite PSI si otu ugboro n'ụbọchị ruo ugboro atọ n'ụbọchị na mbido PS I kwa elekere n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2013 màkà nnọchiteanya ziri ezi nke ikuku dị na Singapore.[12]

Mmetụta ọjọọ

dezie

Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba

dezie

N'ihi anwụrụ ọkụ na-agafe ókèala, a pụrụ ịhụ mbelata nke pasentị ndị njem nleta na-eleta mba ndị metụtara n'ogè ndị a n'ihi mmetọ ikuku. N'ogè nsogbu a, a na-enyekarị ịdọ áká ná ntị njem iji dọọ ndị njem nleta áká ná ntị banyéré mmebi nke ikuku na enweghị ányá.[13][5]

Ahụike

dezie

Dị ka mba ndị dị ka Malaysia na Singapore anaghị emetụta ikuku na-agafe ókèala n'afọ niile, mànà ọ na-abụkarị naanị n'oge ọnwa ụfọdụ n'afọ màkà obere ógè, ndị bi na mba ndị ahụ metụtara na-enwekarị mmetụta ahụike dị mkpirikpi nke ikuku na-eweta kama mmetụta ogologo ógè. Ndị na-ahụ obere ógè nwéré ike ịnwe mgbaàmà dịka iwe n'anya, imi na akpịrị n'ihi ụzarị ụzarị.[14]

Gburugburu ebe obibi

dezie

Oké ọhịa Indonesia bụ ébé obibi nke ihe karịrị puku atọ anụmanụ na ụdị osisi dị ka Sumatran Tigers, Komodo dragons na orangutans.[15] Mbibi nke oké ọhịa site n'omume ọkụ ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-eweta ọtụtụ ihe na gburu-gburu ébé obibi dị ka mbuze ala, mmetọ mmiri, okpomọkụ ụwa na mgbanwe ihu igwe kamakwa ọ na-eyi ndụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ egwu na-eme ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọrọ n'ọnụ ọnwụ.[8][16]

Nzọụkwụ mgbochi

dezie

Ime ka ọchịchị sie ike

dezie

Mgeèa na-ekwu maàkànsogbu gbaásáráụfụfụ na-agafe ókèala na igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, enweghị ngwọta ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nke dị mkpirikpi maka nsogbu a.[17] Iji gbochie oke na mmetụta nke alụlụ, Indonesia ga-ebu ụzọ mee ka gọọmentị ya sikwuo ike site na itinye iwu na ụkpụrụ siri ike gbaásáráịnweta ala na njikwa.[2] Ọ bụ ezie na iwu na ụkpụrụ ndị dị ka inweta asambodo na ikike maàkàiwepụ ebumnuche ala dị, iwu ndị a ka na-adaba n'ụzọ na-adịghị mmaán'ihi mmejuputa iwu na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị rụrụ arụ na Indonesia.[8]

Nkwekọrịta ASEAN

dezie

N'abalị iri na atọ n'Ọktoba 2010, e mèrè nzukọ nke isii nke ASEAN ebe a tụlere nsogbu ihu igwe na-agafe ókèala. Mba ndị dị ka Singapore na Malaysia kwere nkwa ịkwado ma nyéré Indonesia aka n'ọgụ ya megide igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na ọkụ ọhịa.[6]

Agụmakwụkwọ

dezie

Agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị nwe obere ala dị mkpà màkà ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na alụlụ na-agafe ókèala.[18] Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị Indonesia amachibido ikpocha ala site na iji usoro ịwa na ọkụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-elegharakarị iwu ányá ma na-aga n'ihu na-ekpocha ala n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị site na iji omume ọkụ. Nké a bụ n'ihi ike na-adịghị ike nke mmanye iwu na enweghị mmasị ịgbanwe dabere na nkwenkwe siri ike.[9]

Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị Indonesia agbalịala ịkụziri ma kpalie ọha na eze ka ha nabata ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-ekpocha ala na-enweghị ọkụ, ọtụtụ ndị nwe ala ka kwenyere na uru nké usoro ịkpụcha na ọkụ ka karịrị ọnụahịa nké usoro mkpocha ala n'enweghị ọkụ. N'ihi ya, Indonesia etinyela ihe mkpali n'ụdị ụgwọ ọrụ na enyemaka nyé ndị dị njikere ịnakwere ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ọkụ na ndị na-agbaso iwu ọkụ ọkụ nké Indonesia. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akwụ ndị na-ere obere ego ụgwọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha jisiri ike nwee otu afọ n'enweghị ọrụ ọkụ na-enweghị ikike.[8][19]

Edensibia

dezie
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 National Environment Agency (2010). "Annual Weather Review 2010". Review of Weather Conditions in 2010 1: 2–5. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Worst haze from Indonesia in 4 years hits neighbors hard", Reuters, 2010-10-21. Retrieved on 2019-05-12. (in en)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Harvard-Columbia study finds that 2015 haze in Indonesia likely caused 100,300 premature deaths (en-US). Mighty Earth (2016-09-18). Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  4. ↑ Haze from Indonesia hits neighbours | IOL News (en). www.iol.co.za. Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Singapore, Malaysia face economic hit from prolonged smog", Reuters, 2013-06-24. Retrieved on 2019-05-12. (in en)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Media Release of the 6th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution and the 12th Informal ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the Environment Bandar Seri Begawan, 13 October 2010. ASEAN (2010-10-14). Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  7. ↑ Salinas (21 May 2012). "Physical and optical characteristics of the October 2010 haze event over Singapore: A photometric and lidar analysis". Atmospheric Research 112: 555–570. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.05.021. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Islam (2016-05-21). "Trans-Boundary Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia: Sustainability through Plural Environmental Governance". Sustainability 8 (5): 499. DOI:10.3390/su8050499. ISSN 2071-1050. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tobing. Indonesia drags its feet on ASEAN haze treaty (en). The Conversation. Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  10. ↑ Schools in Muar close as haze worsens. www.asiaone.com. Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  11. ↑ Improved air quality recorded in Johor and Malacca - Nation | The Star Online. www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 NEA | Historical Readings. www.haze.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2019-05-25.
  13. ↑ What Is the Weather & Climate of Singapore? (en). traveltips.usatoday.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-12. Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  14. ↑ Indonesia's Fire and Haze Crisis (en). World Bank. Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  15. ↑ by (2014-11-25). Indonesia, Climate Change, and Rainforests (en-US). Rainforest Action Network. Retrieved on 2019-05-25.
  16. ↑ The Haze | WWF. www.wwf.sg. Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved on 2019-05-25.
  17. ↑ hermes (2015-10-03). Why haze problem is so hard to resolve (en). The Straits Times. Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  18. ↑ Indonesia land-burning fines unpaid years after disastrous fires. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved on 2019-05-12.
  19. ↑ Seeing Through the Southeast Asian Haze (en-US). Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved on 2019-05-25.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ọkụ_Ndịda_Ọwụwa_Anyanwụ_Eshia_nke_afọ_2010&oldid=167108