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Ọganihu ike

Ntugharị ọkụ ma ọ bụ mgbake ọkụ (PTO) bụ otu n'ime ụzọ dị iche iche maka ịnara ike sitere na isi iyi ọkụ, dị ka injin na-agba ọsọ, na ibunye ya na ngwa dịka ngwa mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ igwe dị iche.

PTO n'azụ traktọ ugbo
PTO (n'ime igbe dị n'ala) n'etiti ebe atọ nke traktọ

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ oghere mbanye gbawara agbawa arụnyere na traktọ ma ọ bụ gwongworo na-ekwe ka ngwa ngwa nwere akwa akwa ka injin na-akwado ya ozugbo.

Enwere ike ịchọta mgbanaka ọkụ na-adịgide adịgide na igwe mmepụta ihe na nke mmiri. Ngwa ndị a na-ejikarị mkpanaka mbanye na nkwonkwo kpọchiri akpọchi iji bufee ike na ngwa nke abụọ ma ọ bụ ngwa. N'ihe gbasara ngwa mmiri, dịka osisi nwere ike iji mee ka nfuli ọkụ dị ọkụ.

N'ime ngwa ụgbọ elu, enwere ike iji ngwa ngwa ngwa dị otú ahụ yana draịvụ ọsọ na-adị mgbe niile. Ụgbọ elu Jet nwere ụdị PTO anọ dị iche iche: igbe ime ime, igbe igbe dị n'èzí, radial drive shaft, na ikuku na-agbapụta, nke a na-eji eme ka ngwa engine dị ike. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, sistemu mgbapụ ụgbọ elu na-enyekwa maka itinye ike n'ime injin n'oge mmalite injin.[1] Hụkwa Coffman mmalite.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ogwe na-acha odo odo na-enye PTO drive na flail mower na International Harvester tractor a

Ụzọ dị iche iche e si ebufe ike dị tupu iwepụ ike bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mana enwere ngwa ndị ga-erite uru karịa site na ụfọdụ àgwà ndị PTO ga-enye. Belts dị larịị na-aba uru naanị maka ngwa ebe injin ahụ kwụ otu ebe, dị ka injin steam, injin ndị a na-ebugharị ebugharị, ma ọ bụ injin ndị na-adọkpụ na-adọrọ n'ihu ọrụ ahụ. Maka ụgbọala na-agagharị dị ka injin na-adọkpụ ma ọ bụ traktọ mbụ na-adọta Ngwá ọrụ ugbo, ngwá ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ịnata ike rotary site na iwere ya n'otu n'ime wiil nke ya (nke a na-adọrọ site na ịdọrọ) ma kesaa ya site na agbụ ígwè (na crank nke sickle, dịka ọmụmaatụ), mana nnyefe dị otú ahụ kwụsịrị ma ọ bụrụ na ụgbọala ahụ akwụsị ịgagharị, na nguzogide ọrụ ahụ na-emekarị ka wiil ahụ na-agbagharị kama ịtụgharị, ọbụlagodi na ọ dị ọcha. Echiche nke shaft drive nwere njikọ jikọtara na nke na-enweghị njikọ, na mgbanwe maka ịkwọ ụgbọala na akụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe (dị ka mgbe njikọ tractor-na-trailer na-agbanye), bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ịchụso.

A nwalere nnwale ike na mbido 1878, ma wuo ụdị dị iche iche e mere n'ụlọ n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ.[1]International Harvester Company (IHC) bụ nke mbụ na-ere ahịa na PTO na traktọ mmepụta, na ụdị ya 8-16, nke e webatara na 1918. Edward A. Johnston, onye injinia IHC, nwere mmasị na PTO nke o mere n'ụlọ nke ọ hụrụ na France ihe dị ka afọ iri tupu mgbe ahụ, nke onye ọrụ ugbo na onye na-arụ ọrụ na France aha ya bụ Gougis mepụtara.[2] Ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na IHC tinyere echiche ahụ n'ime 8-16, wee mepụta ezinụlọ nke ngwá ọrụ iji jiri njirimara ahụ mee ihe. IHC anọghị naanị ya n'ahịa ruo ogologo oge, dịka n'ime otu afọ PTOs na-apụta na traktọ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta, dị ka ụfọdụ ụdị Case. N'afọ 1920, IHC nyere nhọrọ PTO na traktọ ha 15-30, ọ bụkwa traktọ mbụ nwere PTO ka a ga-enyefe maka Ule traktọ Nebraska. PTO bụ uru asọmpi maka IHC na 1920s, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ mechara nweta mmejuputa PTO.

N'ime nnyefe, kpọmkwem ebe n'akụkụ ụgbọ oloko gia ebe a na-ewepụ ike na-ekpebi ma enwere ike ịgba ọsọ PTO n'adabereghị na njem ụgbọ ala (ọsọ ala). A na-ewepụkarị PTO n'oge mbụ n'osisi mmepụta ihe, nke pụtara na ụgbọ ala ahụ ga-adị "na gia" iji na-agba ọsọ PTO. Mgbe e mesịrị, a na-eme ka nke a dịkwuo mma site na ihe a na-akpọ ndụ PTO (LPTO), nke na-enye ohere ịchịkwa ntụgharị PTO n'adabereghị na mmegharị traktọ. Nke a bụ uru mgbe ibu nke PTO na-ebugharị chọrọ ka traktọ na-emegharị ahụ ka ọ kwụsịlata ma ọ bụ kwụsị ịgba ọsọ iji mee ka PTO chụpụrụ ngwá ọrụ. Ọ na-enye ohere ịrụ ọrụ ebe traktọ na-anọ na-adọba ụgbọala, dị ka silo-ejuputa ma ọ bụ ibutu ihe na-agbasa nri na ikpo ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kama ịgafe n'ọhịa. Na 1945, Cockshutt Farm Equipment Ltd nke Brantford, Ontario, Canada, webatara Cockshutt Model 30 traktọ na LPTO. Live PTO mechara bụrụ ụkpụrụ zuru ebe niile maka akụrụngwa ọhụrụ; na traktọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, a na-achịkwa LPTO site na bọtịnụ push-button ma ọ bụ ngbanwe nhọrọ. Nke a na-abawanye nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ chọrọ ịbịaru nso na ogwe PTO.

Nchebe

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Ihe mkpuchi plastik na-echebe oghere PTO

PTO, yana oghere ya na nkwonkwo zuru ụwa ọnụ, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ihe omume na mmerụ ahụ n'ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka National Safety Council si kwuo, pasent isii nke ndị nwụrụ na traktọ na 1997 na United States metụtara PTO. Ihe omume nwere ike ime mgbe a na-adọta uwe na-enweghị isi n'ime oghere ahụ, na-akpatakarị ọkpụkpụ gbajiri agbaji, mfu aka na ụkwụ, nkwarụ ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nye onye na-eyi ya. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2009, onye bụbu onye na-eme egwuregwu Major League Baseball bụ Mark Fidrych nwụrụ n'ihi ihe mberede metụtara PTO; "O yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na gwongworo ya mgbe uwe ya gbagọrọ agbagọ n'ime oghere ike nke gwongworo ahụ", ka onye ọka iwu distrikti Joseph Early Jr. kwuru na nkwupụta.[3] N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ọrụ iji belata ugboro ugboro na oke nke mmerụ ahụ ugbo, ihe omume ndị a ka na-eme.[4]

Ụfọdụ ngwá ọrụ na-eji ihe nchebe plastik na-enweghị ihe mgbochi iji kpuchie oghere PTO; ndị a bụ iwu na mba ụfọdụ.[5][6]   Na UK, nduzi Health and Safety Executive dị na mpempe akwụkwọ. [7]

Nhazi teknụzụ

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A na-ejikọta PTOs ọrụ ugbo na nha na ọsọ. Ụkpụrụ ISO maka PTOs bụ ISO 500, nke e kewara na mbipụta 2004 n'akụkụ atọ:[8]

  1. ISO 500-1 Nkọwapụta n'ozuzu, ihe nchekwa achọrọ, nha maka ọta ukwu na mpaghara nkwụsị
  2. ISO 500-2 traktọ ndị dị warara, nha maka ọta ukwu na mpaghara ohere
  3. ISO 500-3 Main PTO dimensions na spline dimensions, ebe PTO dị.

Ụdị mbụ (nke a na-akpọ Ụdị 1) na-akpọ maka ịrụ ọrụ na 540 ntụgharị kwa nkeji (rpm). Ogwe nke na-agbagharị na 540 rpm nwere splines isii na ya, na dayameta nke 1 + 3⁄8 sentimita (35 . [9] 

Ụdị abụọ ọhụrụ, na-akwado ngwa ike dị elu, na-arụ ọrụ na 1000 rpm ma dị iche na nha shaft.[9]  Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ahụkarị ọdịiche dị n'ụdị abụọ a site n'ịkpọ ha "nnukwu 1000" ma ọ bụ "obere 1000" ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ụdị 1 nke a na-akpọkarị "540". Ụdị ọhụrụ niile (2, 3, na 4) na-eji splines involute, ebe Ụdị 1 na-eji Splines kwụ ọtọ.[8]

Ogwe ndị a na-akpọ Inch bụ gburugburu, rectangular, square, ma ọ bụ splined; ogwe metric bụ kpakpando, mgbịrịgba, ma ọ dị ka bọọlụ.[10]

Ụdị RPM Diameter Akpụkpọ anụ
1 540   6 kwụ ọtọ
2 1,000   21 involute
3 1,000   20 involute
4 1,300 57.5 millimetres (2.26 n'ime) 22 involute

N'ihi mmụba nke ike ịnyịnya chọrọ site na ngwá ọrụ ugbo, na injin dị elu nke na-etinye na traktọ ugbo, agbakwunyere ụdị buru ibu (nke a họpụtara dị ka Ụdị 4) na ISO 500. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ọsọ ntụgharị dị elu nke 1300 rpm iji nye ohere maka nnyefe ike na ọkwa dị ala nke torque.  Ogwe ahụ nwere 22 splines na nnukwu dayameta nke 57.5 milimita (mm). Ebumnuche ya bụ ijikwa ike PTO ruo 450 kilowatts (kW), ma ọ bụ ihe dịka 600 horsepower (hp).

Ụdị anọ ahụ niile na-atụgharị n'akụkụ na-emegide elekere mgbe a na-ele anya n'azụ ụgbọala na-adọkpụ; mgbe ọ na-eguzo n'azụ traktọ ma na-ele kpọmkwem na oghere ahụ, ọ na-atụgharịa n'akụkụ elekere.[9]

A na-eji ụdị 10-spline mee ihe na ụfọdụ ngwá ọrụ mbụ dịka 1948 Land Rover. A na-enyekarị nkwụnye isii. Ọ bụ omenala maka ndị na-emepụta igwe ọrụ ugbo inye nkọwapụta ike PTO, ihe na-egosi ike dị na shaft. Ndị traktọ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịbịa na 540/540E na / ma ọ bụ 1000/1000E nhọrọ nke na-enye ohere ka traktọ nwee ike iji ụfọdụ ngwa ngwa na-achọ ike dị ka hay rakes ma ọ bụ tedders na-eji ọsọ ọsọ engine dị ala iji mee ka mgbanwe kwa nkeji dị mkpa, na-eji obere mmanụ ma na-etinye obere nrụgide na injin - si otú ahụ na-emeziwanye arụmọrụ ma belata ọnụahịa.

ASAE (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) nabatara ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ maka imewe PTO n'ọnwa Eprel 1927. A kọwapụtara ọsọ ntụgharị PTO dị ka 536 ± 10 rpm; ntụziaka ahụ bụ elekere.  E mechara gbanwee ọsọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 540 rpm.[11] 

Ojiji na ụgbọala azụmahịa

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PTO hydraulic nke a na-etinye n'elu gearbox
 
Crossbar azụ nwere njikọ mmiri PTO na njikọ na Unimog 421

Ụgbọ ala nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa ebe nke na-enye ohere ka etinye PTO. A ghaghị ịzụta PTO iche ma chọọ nlezianya iji kwekọọ na interface anụ ahụ nke nnyefe na PTO dakọtara. Ndị na-eweta PTO ga-achọkarị nkọwa nke ime, ụdị na ọbụna nọmba usoro nke nnyefe ahụ. A chọkwara ịkpachara anya iji hụ na oghere anụ ahụ gbara nnyefe ahụ gburugburu na-enye ohere maka ntinye nke PTO. PTO na-etinye aka ma wepụ ya site na iji isi nnyefe na usoro nchịkwa dịpụrụ adịpụ nke na-arụ ọrụ na PTO n'onwe ya. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-eji valvụ ikuku eme ihe iji tinye aka na PTO, mana njikọ igwe, usoro eletrik ma ọ bụ hydraulic bụkwa nhọrọ.

Ọtụtụ Unimogs na-abịa na PTOs n'ihu na / ma ọ bụ n'azụ na hydraulics yana usoro atọ.

A ga-atụle nkeji dị iche iche dabere na torque na-aga n'ihu na nke na-akpaghị aka nke enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ site na ha na ụdị dị iche iche ga-enye "PTO shaft rotation to engine RPM" ratios.

N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, PTO ga-ejikọta ozugbo na mgbapụta mmiri. Nke a na-enye ohere maka nnyefe nke ike igwe site na usoro mmiri mmiri na ebe ọ bụla gbara ụgbọ ala ahụ gburugburu ebe moto hydraulic ga-agbanwe ya azụ n'ime ike rotary ma ọ bụ linear. Ngwa ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:

  • Ịgba ọsọ na pọmpụ mmiri n'ụgbọ ọkụ ma ọ bụ gwongworo mmiri
  • Ịgba ọsọ na-adọba mmiri ọkụ nke a na-etinye n'ụgbọala maka nhicha kapet (ịkwọ ụgbọala vacuum blower na mgbapụta mmiri dị elu)
  • Ịnye ike na usoro ikuku eji ebugharị ihe kpọrọ nkụ dị ka simenti
  • Inye ike na ụgbọ ala na-agwakọta ikuku compressor [12]
  • Ibuli ihe ndina ụgbọala na-ekpofu ahịhịa
  • Ịrụ ọrụ aka igwe na bọket gwongworo nke ndị ọrụ mmezi eletrik ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ mmechi cable TV na-eji
  • Ịrụ ọrụ n'ụgbọala na-adọkpụ
  • Ịrụ ọrụ compactor n'ụgbọ ala mkpofu
  • Ịrụ ọrụ na Boom/Grapple truck
  • Ịrụ ọrụ n'ụgbọala a na-etinye osisi na osisi

Ogwe oghere nkewa

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A na-etinye oghere PTO nke kewara ekewa na oghere ụgbọala iji nye PTO ike. Otu dị otú ahụ bụ gearbox ọzọ nke na-ekewa oghere ụgbọala ahụ n'akụkụ abụọ:

  • Ogwe na-eche ihu na gearbox nke ga-ebufe ike nke injin ahụ na ogwe PTO nkewa.
  • Ogwe na-eche ihu na axle nke na-ebufe ike propelling na axle.

A na-emepụta unit ahụ n'onwe ya iji wepụ ike nke injin ahụ ma ọ bụ axle-facing shaft ma ọ bụ PTO mmepụta shaft ọzọ. A na-eme nke a site na clutches abụọ kwụụrụ onwe ha dị ka ezé ma ọ bụ clutches nkịta, nke enwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na nkwụsịtụ zuru ezu naanị. N'ihi na isi gearbox na-agbanwe ọsọ ntụgharị site na ịhọrọ gear, PTO enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ụgbọ ala ahụ na-agagharị.

N'ụgbọala 4x4, ọ bụ naanị oghere azụ na-eji oghere PTO nke kewara ekewa, na-achọ ka atụmatụ ụgbọala 4x4 bụrụ nke a na-ahọrọ 4WD iji mee ka oghere ihu axle na-akwọ ụgbọala ghara ịhazi kpamkpam n'oge ọrụ PTO.

O nwekwara ike ijikọ ihe ọzọ karịa mgbapụta mmiri ozugbo na PTO: dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbapụta ụgbọala ọkụ.

"Sandwich" nkewa

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A na-etinye ụdị "sandwich" nkewa n'etiti injin na nnyefe ma jiri ya mee ihe na ụgbọala na-edozi okporo ụzọ, ụgbọala na-agbanyụ ọkụ na ụgbọala ndị na-adịghị n'okporo ụzọ. Nke a na-enweta ụgbọala ahụ kpọmkwem site na ogwe injin ma nwee ike ịnye ike zuru ezu na PTO. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nkeji ndị a na-abịa na usoro mmanụ nke ha. N'ihi ụdị ntinye sandwich, a ga-ebugharị gearbox site na injin, na-achọ ka driveline nwee ike itinye ya.

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Quick (March–April 2008). "Spinning an historical yarn about power-take-off shafts" (in en-au). Australian Grain 17 (6): 36–37. Retrieved on 2022-07-28. 
  2. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named PrippsMorland1993pp37-39
  3. ↑ Examiner: Fidrych suffocated to death. ESPN.com (16 April 2009). Retrieved on 7 January 2014.
  4. ↑ Tinc (2019-01-02). "Marketing Farm Safety: Using Principles of Influence to Increase PTO Shielding". Journal of Agromedicine 24 (1): 101–109. DOI:10.1080/1059924X.2018.1539421. ISSN 1059-924X. PMID 30346257. 
  5. ↑ Power-Take-Off (PTO) Safety (en-us). National Safety Council (May 2009). Archived from the original on 2014-04-28. Retrieved on 2022-07-28.
  6. ↑ Privette (2002-03-01). Farm Safety & Health - PTO Safety (en-us). Clemson University. Archived from the original on 2005-03-28. Retrieved on 2022-07-29. “shields and guards were developed to prevent injury from these rotating shafts”
  7. ↑ Agriculture Information Sheet No 40 (AIS40). Power take-offs and power take-off drive shafts. (en-gb). Health and Safety Executive UK (October 2013). Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved on 2022-07-29.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 International Standard (April 1, 2014). Agricultural tractors - Rear-mounted power take-off types 1, 2, 3 and 4. International Standard. Retrieved on September 29, 2023. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "iso" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Equipment Hub: Understanding power takeoff drivelines - Progressive Forage | Ag Proud. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "agproud" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ The Different Types of PTO Shafts (15 February 2021).
  11. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved on 2009-05-03.
  12. ↑ PTO Air Compressors | Direct-Transmission™ Mounted Air Compressor (en-US). VMAC. Retrieved on 2018-12-11.
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