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Ịzụ plastik

Plasticculture bụ omume iji ihe rọba mee ihe n'ọrụ ugbo. A na-akpọkarị ihe ndị ahụ plastik n'onwe ha "ag plastics". Plasticculture ag plastics gụnyere ihe nkiri fumigation ala, teepu mmiri na-agba mmiri, ụdọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa osisi plastik, ite nursery na bales, mana a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ kọwaa ụdị osisi / ihe mkpuchi ala. Ihe mkpuchi dị otú ahụ sitere na ihe nkiri plastik mulch, mkpuchi ahịrị, tunnels dị elu na nke dị ala (polytunnels), na greenhouses plastik.

Plastic mulch eji eme ihe maka ịzụlite strawberry

A na-atụ anya na plastik ejiri rụọ ọrụ ugbo ga-agụnye 6.7 nde tọn plastik na 2019 ma ọ bụ 2% nke mmepụta rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ.[1] Plastic eji eme ihe n'ugbo siri ike imeghari ya n'ihi mmeru nke kemịkalụ ugbo.[1] Ọzọkwa, nbibi plastik n'ime microplastics na-emebi ahụike ala, microorganisms na ihe ndị bara uru dị ka earthworms.[1][2] Sayensị nke ugbu a amabeghị ma ọ bụrụ na enwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na nri ma ọ bụ ozugbo mmadụ na-eri nri a kụrụ na plastik.[1] N'ihi mmetụta ndị a, ụfọdụ gọọmentị, dị ka European Union n'okpuru okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu nke Economy Action Plan, na-amalite ịhazi ojiji ya na ihe mkpofu rọba na-emepụta n'ugbo.

Ụdị plastik eji eme ihe

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Polyethylene (PE) bụ ihe nkiri rọba nke ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akụ ihe na-eji n'ihi ike ya, mgbanwe na mmepụta dị mfe.[3] Ọ na-abịa n'ụdị ọkpụrụkpụ dị iche iche, dị ka ụdị njupụta dị ala (LDPE) yana ụdị njupụta dị ala (LLDPE). Enwere ike gbanwee ihe ndị a site na mgbakwunye nke ihe ụfọdụ na rọba nke na-enye ya ihe bara uru na-eto eto dị ka mbelata mmiri na-efunahụ, UV stabilization iji mee ka ala dị jụụ ma gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ, mkpochapụ nke radieshon na-arụ ọrụ iji gbochie ahihia, opacity IR, antidrip / antifog, na fluorescence.[1][2]

A na-ejikarị Polypropylene (PP) eme ihe maka eriri nkwakọba ihe ọkụkụ.

Ngwa

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Greenhouses na mkpuchi ọwa mmiri

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Ụlọ griin haus bụ nnukwu ihe owuwu nke ọ ga-ekwe omume iguzo ma rụọ ọrụ na ikuku ikuku na-akpaghị aka. Ọwara ndị dị elu bụ ụlọ hoop, ejiri aka na-ekupụ ikuku site n'ịtụgharị n'akụkụ. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ihe nkiri ọwara dị elu na-adịkarị n'etiti oke 80-220μm na obosara nke 20m, ma nwee ogologo ndụ n'etiti ọnwa 6-45 dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe.[4]. Ihe nkiri monolayer polyethylene kacha mma maka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ntakịrị, ebe mkpuchi multilayer nke ejiri okpukpu atọ mee, otu EVA19 oyi akwa etinyere n'etiti akwa polyethylene dị ala abụọ egosila na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ ka mma n'okpuru ike.[3]

Obere okpokoro ọwa mmiri

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Obere mkpuchi ọwa mmiri dị ihe dị ka 1m n'obosara na 1m n"ịdị elu, ma nwee ihe nkiri polyethylene dị arọ karịa nnukwu mkpuchi ọwara, na-abụkarị n'okpuru 80μm. Oge ndụ ha dịkwa mkpụmkpụ karịa nke nsụgharị ndị buru ibu; ha na-enwekarị oge ndụ nke ọnwa 6-8. Ojiji nke obere ọwa mmiri anaghị ewu ewu karịa ma ụlọ okpomọkụ dị oke ọnụ ma na-adịgide adịgide / ọwa mmiri na-agagharị na plastik mulch dị ọnụ ala.[2]

Mmanụ ala plastik

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Plastic mulch n'ọhịa dị nso na Merstone, Isle of Wight, UK

Plastic mulching bụ mgbe a na-etinye ihe nkiri plastik dị nro n'elu ala, na-etinye oghere n'oge niile maka a ga-akụ mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-etinye ya kpọmkwem n'elu osisi na mmalite nke uto. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-anọgide n'ebe ahụ n'oge a na-akụ ya (na-abụkarị ọnwa 2-4) ma na-enwekarị ọkpụrụkpụ nke 12-80μm. Ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke mulch plastik bụ iji kpuchie ma debe okpomọkụ na iru mmiri nke ala, na-egbochi mmiri si n'ala, na-ebelata oge mkpụrụ na owuwe ihe ubi, na- gbochie uto ahịhịa, na iji gbochie mbuze. Enwere ike iji ihe nkiri na-acha uhie uhie ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ụcha, nke ọ bụla nwere uru na ọghọm ụfọdụ karịa nke ọzọ. [4][2]

Ihe nkiri ojii na-egbochi uto ahịhịa, mana ha anaghị enye ìhè iji mee ka ala dị ọkụ; ihe nkiri doro anya na-enye ìhè ma na-ekpo ọkụ n'ala, mana ọ na-akwalite uto ahịhi. E mepụtara ihe nkiri foto na-emetụta ihe ndị na-acha odo odo iji gbochie uto ahịhịa, mana ọ ka na-enye ìhè iji kpoo ala. Ihe nkiri ndị a na-ahụ maka foto dị oke ọnụ karịa ma ọ bụ mpempe akwụkwọ polyethylene doro anya ma ọ bụ oji.[1] Black plastic mulch na-achịkwa evaporation site na ala ma na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ala dịkwuo mma. Plastic mulching gosipụtara na ọ na-ebelata ihe achọrọ maka ịgba mmiri na ose site na 14-29% n'ihi iwepụ mmiri na-eme ka ala ghara ịba.[5]

A na-ebelata oge okooko osisi na okra mgbe a na-eji mulch plastik ojii eme ihe; osisi ahụ ruru 50% okooko osisi ụbọchị 3-6 tupu ogige ndị na-enweghị okooko osisi. Ogologo osisi na okra mụbara nke ukwuu site na iji plastik ojii mee ihe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị a na-eto n'ala efu. Mmiri si n'ala na-akpata 25-50% nke mmiri eji eme mmiri, iji plastik mulch na-egbochi ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri a ma si otú a belata mmiri dị mkpa iji too ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.[6] Nchekwa mmiri a na-eme ka mulch plastik dị mma maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ na nke kpọrọ nkụ ebe mmiri bụ obere ihe. Dị ka plastik ag nke abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ụwa, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mulch plastik a na-eji eme ihe kwa afọ dị ka 700,000t.[2]

Mmalite na mmepe gburugburu ụwa

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Ojiji mbụ nke ihe nkiri plastik n'ọrụ ugbo bụ na mgbalị ime ụdị ụlọ iko dị ọnụ ala. N'afọ 1948, Prọfesọ E.M. Emmert wuru ụlọ mbụ plastik, ihe owuwu osisi nke e ji Ihe nkiri cellulose acetate kpuchie. O mechara gbanwee nke a ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri polyethylene dị irè karị. Mgbe eweputara ihe nkiri plastik na ọrụ ugbo, a malitere iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ buru ibu gburugburu ụwa site na mbido afọ 1950 iji dochie akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ nri.[2]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1999, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde hekta iri atọ n'ụwa niile jupụtara na plastik. Naanị obere pasent nke a dị na United States (185 000 acres), ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ọganihu plastik a na-eme n'ebe ndị dara ogbenye n'ụwa na mpaghara ọzara na-adịghị emepụta ihe, dị ka Almeria na ndịda Spain. [7]

A na-ahụkarị ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ụlọ okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa n'ebe abụọ, na 80% n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ niile (China, Japan, Korea), na 15% na mpaghara Mediterenian. Mpaghara nke okpomọkụ ka na-abawanye ngwa ngwa, n'ime afọ iri gara aga, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ na-eto site na 20% kwa afọ. Mpaghara ndị dị ka Middle East na Afrịka na-eto eto n'iji ụlọ ọkụ plastik eme ihe site na 15-20% kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere uto na-adịghị ike na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe na ndị kwụsiri ike dịka Europe. China na-eduga uto ụwa na 30% kwa afọ, na-asụgharị n'ime mpịakọta plastik ruru 1,000,000 t / afọ. N'afọ 2006, 80% nke ebe a na-ekpuchi plastik na China ebe ọ nwere uto nke 25% kwa afọ; nke a bụ nke kachasị elu n'ụwa.[2]

Kemgbe e webatara ya n'afọ ndị 1950, e mepụtara ma mepụta ihe nkiri plastik iji mụbaa mmepụta, mụbaa ogo mmepụta ma mee ka oge uto dị mkpirikpi. Ọganihu na ihe nkiri plastik gụnyere ogologo oge, ihe ngosi anya (ultraviolet, visible, near infrared, and middle infrared) njirimara, na antidrip ma ọ bụ anti-fog effect. Ọganihu ndị na-adịbeghị anya na mpaghara a gụnyere UV-blocking, NIR-blocking. [2]

Ojiji buru ibu na ndịda Spain

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"Oké osimiri plastik" na-ekpuchi 20,000 hectare nke Campo de Dalías gburugburu El Ejido na Roquetas de Mar na ndịda Spain 

Ojiji a na-eji plastik eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo na-eto ngwa ngwa, ma eleghị anya ọ dịghị ebe a na-ahụ anya karịa gburugburu Almería na ndịda Spain. Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-abịarute Almería, n'ebe ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ, jupụtara na ya, dị ka nnukwu mpaghara dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ, gbara obodo Campohermoso, Los Pipaces na Los Grillos gburugburu (nke dị nso na Níjar).

Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu dị ihe dị ka kilomita 20 n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Almería, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Campo de Dalías dum, ugwu dị ala, dị ugbu a n'okpu plastik (ebe e mere atụmatụ na ọ dị hekta 20,000).  N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, a na-ekpuchi ala dị larịị yiri ya, ma ọ dị obere, gburugburu Carchuna, n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Motril. Usoro a anaghị ejedebe na mbara ala; a na-etinyekwa ya na mbara ala sara mbara n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu na-adịghị omimi, dịka ndagwurugwum dị n'ebe ugwu nke Castell de Ferro na-egosi.

N'ebe ndị ọzọ n'akụkụ Costa Tropical na Costa del Sol, ọkachasị n'etiti Almería na Malaga, osisi mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'elu ala na ndagwurugwu ndị dị elu nwere ike ikpuchi nnukwu ụlọikwuu plastik.

Akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi

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Dị ka a na-eji plastik (na-abụghị nke a na-emebi emebi) eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo, enwere ihe ize ndụ nke ọ ga-agwụ n'ime ala, si otú a na-mmetọ ya na usoro ahụ.   [<span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2020)">clarification needed</span>]

Ime ihe ọzọ

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Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke plasticulture bụ iwepụ plastik ag eji eme ihe. Nkà na ụzụ dị nke na-enye ohere ka a na-emegharị plastik ag n'ime resin plastik maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta plastik.

Imegharị mulch plastik siri ike n'ihi na mulch na-adịkarị mmiri ma ọ bụ ruru unyi. Obere mulch na-agbaji ngwa ngwa, ọ pụkwara ikwe omume iburu ya maka imegharị ihe mgbe emechara ya.[8]

Iwu gbasara iji plastik eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo

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Na European Union, Ntuziaka 2008/98/EC maka njikwa ihe mkpofu dị, nke isiokwu 8 na-ekwu na "mba ọ bụla so na ya nwere ike iwebata echiche ERP n'ime usoro iwu nke ya na mgbakwunye na ikpebi otu esi agba ndị na-emepụta ume isonye na mgbochi, iji ya eme ihe ọzọ, imegharị ihe na iweghachite ngwaahịa plastik eji eme ihe. " Na mgbakwunye, na 2018, European Commission bipụtara nkwukọrịta na-esetịpụta atụmatụ maka plastik na akụ na ụba gburugburu.[9] O kwuru na a ga-egbochi ihe mkpofu plastik na mkpofu, dịka ọmụmaatụ site n'ibelata plastik a na-eji eme ihe otu ugboro, na-egbochi isi iyi nke ihe mkpofu mmiri n'oké osimiri, na-ebelata oxo-degradable plastic na igbochi mmetọ micro-plastics.[10]   [Nkọwa dị mkpa] N'afọ 2020, EU mechara wepụta atụmatụ ọrụ ya na Circular Economy Action Plan. Ọ gụnyere usoro iji belata ihe mkpofu plastik ma dozie ọnụnọ nke microplastics na gburugburu ebe obibi. O gosikwara na ọ na-edozi nsogbu nkwado site n'ịmepụta usoro iwu na plastik biodegradable ma ọ bụ compostable.[11]

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Allingham Yael (1992). [Plastic Sheets for use in Agriculture]. United States Patent.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Espí E, Salmerón A, Fontecha A, García Y, and Real A.I. (2006). Plastic Films for Agricultural Applications Journal of Plastic Filming and Sheeting, 22(85):e85-102.
  3. ↑ Adam A, Kouider S.A., Hamou A, Saiter J.A. (2005). Studies of polyethylene multi layer films used as greenhouse covers under Saharan climatic conditions Polymer Testing, 24(7):e834–838.
  4. ↑ Beyond the colour of mulch (White/ Black mulch) - Agriplastics Community (31 August 2018).
  5. ↑ Abu-Awwad A.M. (1998). [Effect of mulch and irrigation water amounts on soil evaporation and transpiration] J. Agron. Crop Sci., 18:e55–59.
  6. ↑ Ramakrishna A. et al (2006). [Effect of mulch on soil temperature, moisture, weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam] Field Crops Res., 95:e115–125.
  7. ↑ Miles C, Kolker K, Reed J, Becker J. Alternatives to Plastic Mulch for Organic Vegetable Production. Washington State University, 2005.
  8. ↑ Mancl. "Agricultural plastic in the U.S. and China: A blessing or a curse?", Agri Communicators Inc. Retrieved on 12 December 2020.
  9. ↑ Agricultural plastics european regulation: principle
  10. ↑ Legislative train schedule.
  11. ↑ Circular economy action plant text
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