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Ịgụ na Ịgụ Ihe Nwere Àgwà

ịgụ na ide na àgwà, nke Patrick J. Finn dere, na-anwa ịkọwa ịgụ na ide dịka okwu ahụ dị n'ime ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ. [1]Na ndụ ọkachamara ya, Finn jere ozi dị ka Associate Professor Emeritus nke Graduate School of Education na Mahadum Buffalo. [2]Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche kọmitii nke Urban Education site na Mahadum Buffalo nke na-enyere aka inye nkwado maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Buffalo, NY. [3]Akwụkwọ ya na-akọwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti 'ịzụlite' na 'ịtọhapụ' agụmakwụkwọ, ma na-enye ndụmọdụ banyere otu esi edozi ọdịiche dị na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu na nke dị ala. Finn na-ezo aka na ọmụmụ nke ndị edemede ndị ọzọ bipụtara n'ime ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere Jean Anyon na James Gee.[1]

Nkọwa

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Isi nke 1-3

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Finn na-akọwa ọkwa dị iche iche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na ya, ma na-akọpụta omume agụmakwụkwọ ndị a na-ahụkarị maka nke ọ bụla. [4]Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a gụnyere ndị isi, ndị ọkachamara bara ọgaranya, ndị nọ n'etiti, na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ. [5]A na-ahụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka usoro, na isiokwu kachasị dị ka nguzogide. [5]A na-akọwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dị n'etiti site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka inweta azịza ziri ezi, yana isiokwu kachasị mma nke ohere. [5]A na-akọwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọkachamara bara ọgaranya site na ọrụ a na-arụ dị ka ọrụ okike a na-eme n'onwe ya, yana isiokwu kachasị nke onye ọ bụla na obere isiokwu nke Ọrụ ebere. [5]A na-eji isiokwu kachasị mma mara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi.[1][5]

Isi nke 4-6

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Akụkụ a na-akọwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị mbịarambịa na ndị na-achọghị. Finn na-ewebata echiche nke njirimara ndị na-emegide John Ogbu, nke na-ekwu na ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, dị ka ndị si n'ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ, na-ahụ na ọdịbendị ha na-emegiderịta ihe a na-akụzi na klas. [1][5][6][5]Finn na-egosi na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere njirimara ndị na-emegide onwe ha na-ahụ ya ka ọ na-esiri ha ike ịkwado onwe ha maka agụmakwụkwọ ha karịa ndị na-enweghị ha.[5]

Isi nke 7-10

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Akụkụ a na-atụle ihe dị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ọkwa dị ala, nke dị n'ọkwá dị elu na ụzọ ha si eji asụsụ eme ihe. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ọkwa dị ala ka ha na-eji asụsụ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na klas dị n'etiti na nke dị elu na-eji okwu doro anya. [5]Finn na-ekwukwa na ụmụ akwụkwọ niile n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ha kwesịrị inwe ohere inweta agụmakwụkwọ.[5]

Finn na-atụle otu obodo si agbakọta ọnụ iji mepụta okwu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta okwu mbụ ha site n'aka ezinụlọ ha mana n'ime obodo ka ukwuu ụmụ akwụkwọ ga-azụlite okwu nke abụọ. [5]Ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere njirimara mmegide na-enwekarị nsogbu inweta okwu kachasị.[5]

N'isi nke iri, Finn na-ewebata ụdị agụmakwụkwọ anọ. Enwere ọgụgụ isi na-arụ ọrụ, na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-enye ihe ọmụma, na nke dị ike. [5]Mmụta ndị a dị n'ime ọha mmadụ.

Isi nke 11-12

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Isi nke iri na otu na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agụmakwụkwọ na America. Mgbe ọ nyochachara mmalite nke usoro agụmakwụkwọ, Finn kọwara na Corresponding Societies jụrụ ikike ma jiri ike iji mụta, kwurịta, nyochaa, kwubie, ịhazi, na mgbanwe. [5]Nke a dị ka ịgụ na ide "n'omume" karịa ụdị ịgụ na ide a na-emeri emeri nke egosiri na mbido akwụkwọ ahụ. Isiokwu ahụ na-aga n'ihu site n'ịgafe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Corresponding Societies ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na nke a mechara bụrụ agụmakwụkwọ maka domestication.

N'isi nke iri na abụọ, Finn na-atụle agụmakwụkwọ ọhụrụ site n'inye ihe atụ nke klas na-eji ya. Na New Literacies, nkwurịta okwu adịghị edo anya ma na-ekwusi okwu ike karịa izi ezi. [5]"Gatekeeping" bụ ụzọ ziri ezi nke na-agbakarị ọdịnaya nke ihe nwa akwụkwọ na-anwa ikwurịta okwu. [5]Finn na-ekwu na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ọhụrụ nwere ike inyere nsogbu a aka. Finn na-atụle ụzọ ndị New Literacies siri ike iji mee ihe na klas. Ụlọ klas dị mma iji kwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ga-adị ka nke agụ na agụ ọhụrụ.[5]

Isi nke 13-20

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Site na isi iri na atọ ruo iri abụọ, Finn na-azọrọ na ọ na-enye ngwọta maka nsogbu ndị ọ na-eweta na isiakwụkwọ mbụ nke ederede ahụ. Ọ na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ihe ngwọta ya na ọrụ Paulo Freire. [1][5]Friere na-atụ aro na a ga-achọpụta ma wepụ nsogbu site na ime ihe ike. [7]Dabere na nke a, Finn na-atụ aro mkpali Frieian na klas, ma ọ bụ echiche nke ndị nkuzi na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha guzoro onwe ha. [5]Ọ na-enye nyocha nke na-akwado edemede a, yana òtù ndị na-esetịpụ ezi ihe nlereanya na-eji ụdị agụmakwụkwọ a.[1]

Nnakwere

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N'ibipụta

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Mgbe mbụ e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta agụmakwụkwọ nwere nyocha dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ, dị ka John M. Watkins, na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ahụ nwere echiche siri ike nke a na-apụghị itinye n'ọrụ. Na nyocha ya, Watkins na-ekwu na ịgụ na ide nwere àgwà bụ "mmasị" na "mkpa ngwa ngwa". [1]Ọ na-ekwu na Finn anaghị egosi onwe ya n'ebe dị anya site na isiokwu ahụ. Kama nke ahụ, Watkins na-ekwu na ndị na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ọdịda ụlọ akwụkwọ kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ a na mgbalị ha "ịkụziri ụmụ amaala anyị niile okwu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị ike". Agbanyeghị, Watkins kwenyere na anyị agaghị enwe ike iji ndụmọdụ Finn mee ihe. Ọ na-ekwu na ya ekwenyeghị na anyị nwere uche nakwa na anyị agaghị enwe ike "inyere ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ aka iji àgwà zụlite ịgụ na ide".[1]

N'ime nyocha ya niile, Watkins kwuru ugboro ugboro na "enweghị ahụ iru ala" ya nke mere mgbe ọ na-agụ Literacy with a Attitude. Watkins na-ekwu na "nchegbu" a sitere na ọdịdị ederede Finn. Watkins na-ekwu na oge kachasị njọ bụ akụkọ onwe onye Finn banyere "ihe mgbu nke onwe ya banyere ókè agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze raara ya nye".[1]

N'ụzọ dị iche, Honey Halpern na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ahụ nyere onyinye dị ukwuu maka ndị agụmakwụkwọ. Na nyocha ya, Halpern na-ekwu na akwụkwọ Finn meghere "ụzọ ọhụrụ na nghọta nke ile anya n'ọnọdụ ndị a maara nke ọma" na agụmakwụkwọ. [8]N'ime nyocha ya niile, ọ na-ekwu na njirimara Finn banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agụmakwụkwọ bụ ihe nghọta. Halpern na-ekwu na mgbanwe nke Finn na-achọ ga-ekwe omume site na ịhazi usoro mmụta na ịgụ na ide dị ike. [8]Ọ mechiri site n'ịgba ndị nkuzi niile ume ka ha mụta banyere ụzọ dị irè iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ọkwa dị n'etiti aka ịgụ na ide.[8]

Kemgbe e bipụtara ya

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Ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọhịa agụmakwụkwọ anabatala ịgụ na ide na àgwà, gụnyere Donna E. Alvermann, prọfesọ nke ịgụ na ide nke Mahadum Georgia, onye jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke National Reading Research Center, ma bipụta ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ịgụ na ide. [9]Alvermann zoro aka na mkparịta ụka Finn banyere "ịzụlite agụmakwụkwọ" n'isiokwu ya "Ịgụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma" na-agụ njirimara: Na-eleghachi anya azụ iji hụ n'ihu," iji gosipụta ntụpọ nke "ụzọ enweghị ike" usoro maka ịgụ na ide nke na-egosi na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-adighi ike. Ọ na-ekwu na mgbe a na-eche ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụzọ a, ha na-enwetakarị agụmakwụkwọ na enweghị nhata nke ọha na eze. N'ihi nke ahụ, a ga-ezere akara "onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na-agba mbọ".[10]

Rosalie Romano, prọfesọ agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Western Washington, kọwara na nyocha ya na arụmụka Finn banyere ịkụzi ịgụ na ide dị ike dị ka okwu ikpe ziri ezi dị mkpa maka ihe ịma aka ọha na eze na "ebe anyị nọ, akụrụngwa anyị, usoro mmekọrịta anyị, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze anyị". [11]Ụzọ ọ na-esi agụ na ide nke ọ na-abịaru nso na nzaghachi maka "ịgụ na ide na àgwà" bụ otu n'ime itinye aka na ebumnuche na ọha mmadụ na-achị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.

Nkatọ nke ịgụ na ide na àgwà sitere na Whiting na nkọwa ya nke akwụkwọ ahụ; ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na Finn nwere arụmụka a haziri nke ọma, ọ naghị enye ndị na-agụ ya ngwọta bara uru na nke bara uru iji mee ihe.[4]

Mmetụta na Mmụta

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Akwụkwọ Finn metụtara nyocha maka akwụkwọ Urban Education with an Attitude, nke na-achọ inye ike na imezigharị ndị mmadụ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na usoro agụmakwụkwọ obodo. [2]Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-eji ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke Finn's Literacy na àgwà iji mepụta ihe ngwọta ha maka nsogbu ndị na-agbasa na agụmakwụkwọ obodo. Romano na-ekwu na echiche ya nke ịgụ na ide dị ike nwere ike ịsụgharị iji kụzie ọrụ ọha na eze n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na ebumnuche ya. [11]A na-ekwukarị na nyocha ya gbasara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na adịghị ike ha ma na-ezo aka na ya n'etiti ndị agụmakwụkwọ na isiokwu ndị na-akwado mgbanwe.[12][13][14]

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Watkins (September 2000). Inquiry and Learning for Change. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Johnson, L. (2005). Urban education with an attitude. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.
  3. ↑ Patrick Finn | UB Graduate School of Education (en). gse.buffalo.edu. Retrieved on 2017-04-18.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Whiting, E. (2011). Literacy with an attitude: Educating working-class children in their own self interest. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 54(8), pp. 638-640.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 Finn (2009). Literacy with an Attitude, second, Albany, NY: SUNY. ISBN 978-1-4384-2806-2. 
  6. ↑ Ogbu (1991). "Cultural Diversity and School Experience", in Walsh: Literacy as Praxis: Culture, Language, and Pedagogy. Norwood, N.J: Ablex, Publishing Corporation. 
  7. ↑ Paulo Freire. Freire Institute University of Central Lancashire. Retrieved on 19 April 2017.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Halpern (April 2000). "Literacy with an Attitude". Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 43: 7. 
  9. ↑ Donna E. Alvermann (Inducted 1999) | Reading Hall of Fame (en). www.readinghalloffame.org. Retrieved on 2017-04-14.
  10. ↑ Alvermann (2001). "Reading adolescents' reading identities: Looking back to see ahead.". Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 44 (8): 680–681. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Romano, Rosalie M. (2012) "Literacy with an Attitude: Educating Working-Class Children in their Own Self-Interest By Patrick J. Finn," Journal of Educational Controversy: Vol. 6: No. 1, Article 27.
  12. ↑ Glass (March 2001). "On Paulo Freire's Philosophy of Praxis and the Foundations of Liberation Education". Educational Researcher 30 (2): 15–25. DOI:10.3102/0013189X030002015. 
  13. ↑ Jimenez (Winter 2003). "Literacy and Latino Students in the United States: Some Considerations, Questions, and New Directions". Reading Research Quarterly 38 (1): 122–128. 
  14. ↑ Jones (April 2013). "Living Contradictions and Working for Change: Toward a Theory of Social Class- Sensitive Pedagogy". Educational Researcher 42 (3): 129–141. DOI:10.3102/0013189X13481381. 
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