Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria

.Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria dị oke egwu, na-achọrọ afụ nke 19. Ihe ndị na-eme ihe ndị na-ese ihe na-eme ka Austria, onye ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ebute obere ọrụ ugbo.  , ikike ikike oke, usoro ugbo oge ochie, ajị ọrịa nke erighị nri na-adịghị ala ala, ụnwụ nri na ọrịa, na-በላta ihe.

Hutsul Funeral, nke Teodor Axentowicz, 1882

Ịda ogbenye n' ahụ juru ebe niile nke na okwu ahụ bụ "nhụsianya Galicia" ( nędza galicyjska ) ma ọ bụ "ụbịam Galicia" ( bieda galicyjska ) sere ilu, na Poles na--eke mmetụta emo na-agbagọ aha ekiri Galicia na  Lodomeria na "Golicja".  i Głodomeria ", na- egwuregwu na okwu Polish, n'otu n'otu, maka "ọtọ" na "agụụ" ("Nakedia na Hungrymeria").  na British Ireland.

Inye nri na Sanok, nke Jan Gniewosz, 1847

Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Crowley" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "cepr20" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "google230" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "BartalPolonsky1999" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Bodnar1973" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Bodnar1973-48" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Czuma1998" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Davies2001" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Davies2005" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Frank2005-4344" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Frank2005-45" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Frank2005-47" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Frucht2005" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Harzig1997" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Lehmann2001" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "MarkovitsSysyn1982" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Petryshyn1985" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Rothstein2008" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-2122" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-24" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-2425" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-26" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-27" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Szlaga2012" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Wolff2012-256" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Wolff2012-289" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Zadoks2008" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Austria-Hungary Nweghị obere njem dị mkpa maka ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ na akara n'ime Ime ukwu ahụ.  N'obodo ka ndị Ukwu German, ndị Habsburgs na-eche echiche nke iwu usoro ụgbọ oloko na ngwaọrụ ma ngwaọrụ na-edozi n'ime obodo nke ha.  Bohemia Austrian dum bụ naanị otu ahịrị jere ozi n'ime 1860s.  Emperor Francis Joseph I megidere iwu n'ihu "ka ghara ịbata na mba ahụ."  Eji okporo ụzọ okporoko na-aga na Austria-Hungary tupu 1881 ma jiri ikike site na steeti ruo mgbe mgba nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Viennese bank - dere Clive Trebilcock nke Cambridge - na-akụ osisi dị n'ebe ụmụaka [nke Galicia] n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ụdị colonial [1]

. [2]Oke steeti ahụ ebipụla Galicia n'ụzọ dị iche iche ọdịiche ya na akara nke mbụ Crown Polish, butere ndakpọ akụ na ngwaọrụ yana mbelata nke obodo Galician.  Lviv tụfuru ọkwa ya dị ka nnukwu ebe nchekwa.  Mgbe oge oge nke mmetụta ego na obere ego obere, ndị na-ekiri Austria egosi irigbu ego Galicia ma mebie mpaghara ndị mmadụ site na ide aha na ndị agha ibubanye ukwu.  Ọstria nke na Ndị Galicia ahọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ ihe kama ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara ọrụ ugbo ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ebubata ngwaahịa nri na ngwaahịa na mpaghara Habsburg ndị ọzọ.  E hiwere ụtụ isi ọhụrụ, a naghị adi ego n'anya ma leghara obodo ukwu na obodo nta anya [3] [4]

Agụm akwụkwọ la azụ azụ, ebe naanị 15% ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aga ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọlụ, nke akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ ugbo ole na ole nwere ikike ikikeso ọrụ ndị ọzọ.  Ọ nna na ha mere ya, ọ na-eme nnukwu obodo Galician ( Kraków ma ọ bụ Lviv) bụ ebe etiti ụlọ ọrụ dị mma, nke nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo obere ụzọ ọzọ maka ọrụ ha.  Iji ibe ukwu nke Ọstrelia , na ọ dịghị ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ na, ndị na-esote dị ka amị ihe, nke ga-ewe iwe na usoro nke Galicia bụ onye na-enyeRere ugbo maka ndị Ukwu ahụ, na-na-enye maka inye ụlọ  ọrụ dị ala, ọnọdụ bara uru maka ma ike na ndị nwe ala.  Gọọmenti Ọstria lekwasịrị Galicia anya dị ka obodo a ga-ewere dị ka obodo ọzọ, ma tụnye ya ụtụ isi ego na ya.  N'ime obere ụlọ ọrụ Galicia nwere, otu n'ime alaka obodo mgbasa ụba (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ nke ihe) bụ ọrụ na-aba n'anya, na-erigbu ma na-eme ka ndị ọrụ  ugbo daa ogbenye.  Ịbigabiga ókè bụ nnukwu nsogbu nsogbu.

Nrụpụta ọrụ ugbo nke ndị Galician bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ala na Europe n'ihi usoro ugbo oge ochie, nke dị nnọọ iche na nke e ji mee ihe n'oge mmalite akara anya .  Ọnọdụ dị na Northern (Polish) Galicia gbagoro n'ihi ezigbo ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto eto, na-eme ka onyinye onye ọrụ ugbo na-abụ nke ukwuu.  Ihe ụgwọ 70% nke ndị Galicia bi na ala.  Na ọkara nke abụọ nke mbụ afụ nke 19, ebe ọ bụ ikike ikike nke ala ubi (ihe dị ka 7%), ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ugbo mụbara okpukpu abụọ.  Na 1899, 80% nke nkata ahụ nwere ihe na- egwuregwu 5 acres (2.0 ha), na ọtụtụ ike ike nri zuru oke na ala ha iji kwado ngwa ha.  ezi ndị mmadụ a paa na Galicia adịla njọ nke na a onyonyo ya dị ka ebe ndị na-eso ụzọ tra na Europe ma e jiri yaa India na China .

Ntọhapụ nke ndị serfs na 1848 azụ ka ọnọdụ ha ìhè mma, n'ihi na ndị isi obodo na-enye ha ọrụ na-maka-pahin nke ọma, bụ ndị nwere 43% nke ala ubi na 1848, nke mere obere ihe ijikọ  ọrịa ndị ọrụ ugbo site n'oge ochie gara aga.  isi.  Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na iwu ahụ mere ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-atụfukwa nchekwa ezinụlọ ọtụtụ na ala ịtagharị, bụ ndị nnukwu ndị nwe ala na-akpa ichekwa onwe ha.

Nsonaazụ

dezie

N'ihi ogbenye nke ndị Galici, ndị ọrụ ugbo nri nri na-edozi ahụ nke ọma ọrụ nke ọma, ha akarakwa ihe dị nta maka ọrịa ndị dị ka ọgbụgbọ, typhus, kịtịkpa na syphilis .  Stauter-Halsted na-ịhụnanya nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Galici na-arụ ọrụ "na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihi na [ha].  ] na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa."  Frank hotara Szepanowski: "Onye ọ llala bi na Galicia na-arụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ma na-eri ọkara nke nri mmadụ."  A kọwawo ụnwụ nri dị nso na Galicia mgbe nile, nke na-akpata ọnwụ 50,000 kwa awụ dị ka nke na-efe efe .  Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ji akwụ ụgwọ dị ukwuu ma ndị na-agbazinye ego furu ala ha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Juu, nke butere iwe na-abata nke okwukwe Semitism .

[5]Nhụsianya nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Galici mere ka ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike dị ka Ivan Franko pụta na n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ dị ka Scarcity and Famine in Galicia site n'aka Roger Łubieński (1880).  Stanisław Szczepanowski na 1888 Carlo Galician Misery nke a na-akpọkarị na Buka Ọgụgụ [1] na nkebi aṅụ Galician nhụsianya ma ọ bụ nri ogbenye Galician ( nędza galicyjska ma ọ bụ bieda galicyjska ) .  dara mbà n'obi nke mpaghara ahụ.  Ọnọdụ akụ na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ mere ka ndị mmadụ jiri emo na-ezo aka na mpaghara dị ka Golicja i Głodomeria, pun na aha aha nke egwuregwu ahụ, Królestwo Galicji i Lodomerii, na-rọ okwu Polish " goły " ("  gba ɔtɔ") na " głodny. "("agụụ na-agụ") - "Nakedia na Hungrymeria". [6] [7]

Na nzaghachi maka nri ogbenye na obere ego, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo mkpuchi mba ọzọ.  Usoro a nsogbu na 1870 na puku mmadụ ole na ole, mgbe ahụ ihe ụmụaka 80,000 kwagara na 1880s, ihe dị ka 340,000 na 1890s, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na 1900s.  Davies na-ekwu na site n'etiti 1890 ruo 1914 (mmalite nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ ), ọ na-arọ ala nde mmadụ abụọ Galicia, ọ post ala 400,000 na 1913 naanị.  Harzig na-enye onyinye nke nde 3. Afọ 1911-1914 nwere ike ịhụ nke 25% nke ndị Galician.  Ụfọdụ ụdị bụ mpaghara, gaa n'ụdị ndị bara isi nke Galicia na Bukovina dị nso;  ndị ọzọ kwagara Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ nke Austria, Prussia na Russia (gụnyere Russian Poland ).  Apost na- ndị mbụ kwagara United States (Herzig na-ekwu ma bere anya ihe ruru 800,000 n'ime akara nde atọ ya).

Ntụnyere

dezie

Norman Davies kwuru na ọnọdụ Galicia nwere ike ịka njọ n'Irland, na Galicia nwere ike ịbụ "ka kacha daa ogbenye na Europe".  Galicia bụ n'ezie onye kasị daa ogbenye na mpaghara Austria ma bụrụkwa nke dara ogbenye Western Europe.  Na 1890,gbanwee onye ọlụa, na dollar 2010, maka Galicia bụ $1,947.  N'ụzọ dị iche, atụ onye ọ àlà na Austria bụ $3,005 na na Bohemia bụ $2,513.  Galicia dara ogbenye dị ka ndị mụrụ Hungary, onye Ntụgharị onye ọ bleba bụ $1,824 na Croatia-Slavonia, onye Ntụgharị onye ọ mgbasa na 2010 dollar bụ $1,897.  Ngwa ahihia onye ọ lụ nke Galicia ụzarị nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke Transylvania, nke bụ $1,956 na dollar 2010. Ịdịego uto Galicia kwa afọ site na 1870 ruo 1910 bụ 1.21 , dị radi ala ƙarin nkezi nke ukwu nke 1.5%.  N'ịtụnyere mba ndị ọzọ, Galicia 1890 maka magịdi onye ọ mgbasa bụ $1,947 na dollar 2010 ji okpukpu atọ dị ala nke United Kingdom ($6,228) ma dị ala nke obodo ọ na-ekwu dị na ugwu ike Europe.  Otú ọ dị, ọ dị n'akụkụ nke Portugal ($1,789), Bulgaria ($1,670), Greece ($1,550), Russia ($1,550), na Serbia ($1,295).

Hụkwa

dezie
  • Ụnwụ na Galicia Austria
  • Ndị Galili na-egbu egbu

Ihe ndetu

dezie

a Ọ bụ ezie na dị ka e gosipụtara site na nyocha nke njedebe 1840s ọnwụ na Zadoks, ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọnwụ na-ejikọta ndị sitere na agụụ na ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Bodnar na-ekwu na ọnwụ bụ "typhus na-esote ụnwụ nduku".

Ntụaka

dezie
  1. Clive Trebilcock (2014). "Austria-Hungary", The Industrialisation of the Continental Powers 1780-1914. Routledge, 349–350, 351–352. ISBN 978-1317872153. 
  2. P. R. Magocsi.
  3. P. Wandycz.
  4. K. Stauter-Halsted.
  5. Zamorski (2015). "Galicyjskie dole i niedole. Spór o rozwój cywilizacyjny zaboru austriackiego", W krainie metarefleksji : księga poświęcona profesorowi Czesławowi Robotyckiemu (in pl). Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press, 174–185. ISBN 978-83-233-3782-9. 
  6. Kaps (2019-09-30). "Gospodarka, polityka a tożsamości: Galicja i Monarchia Habsburska w długim XIX wieku na tle debaty historiograficznej o imperium, narodzie i regionie" (in pl). Historia Slavorum Occidentis 22 (3): 127–156. DOI:10.15804/hso190306. 
  7. Wilk (2019-12-12). Obraz galicyjskiej nędzy - Szymona Jakubowskiego gawędy o przeszłości (pl-PL). Tygodnik Sanocki. Retrieved on 2021-09-03.

Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Crowley" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "cepr20" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "google230" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "BartalPolonsky1999" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Bodnar1973" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Bodnar1973-48" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Czuma1998" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Davies2001" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Davies2005" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Frank2005-4344" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Frank2005-45" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Frank2005-47" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Frucht2005" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Harzig1997" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Lehmann2001" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "MarkovitsSysyn1982" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Petryshyn1985" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Rothstein2008" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-2122" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-24" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-2425" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-26" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Stauter-Halsted2005-27" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Szlaga2012" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Wolff2012-256" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Wolff2012-289" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Zadoks2008" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.