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Ịda ogbenye na Australia

Ịda ogbenye n'Australia na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ego ogbenye dị n'Australia na nha ya.  A na-atụ ego ogbenye dị ka mkpa nke ndị mmadụ na-akpata obere ego ma e jiri ya na-egosi etiti ọnwa nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ .

. [1]N'afọ 2020 , Council of Social Service na Australia mgbaàmà na- akwụkwọ na ndị ogbenye na-eto na Australia, na-eme akwụkwọ 3.2 nde mmadụ, ma ọ bụ 13.6% nke ndị bi na ya, bi n'okpuru oke.  Mba ogbenye nke mba ụwa nabatara nke 50% nke ego etiti obodo.  O mekwarakwara na e nwere ihe dị 774,000 (17.7%) n'okpuru afọ 15 na inye ogbenye. [2]

Na-akọwa ịda ogbenye

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[3]Ụzọ ozi mma isi abụghị ogbenye bụ nne ɔkwan ogbenye wee mmadụ ole dara n'okpuru ahịrị a.  Enwere ike nsogbu ahịrị ogbenye dị ka oke ike zuru oke ma ọ bụ oke ogbenye.  Ọstrelia ụtụ ahịrị ndị ogbenye, ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke ma ọ bụ onye ikwu.  Usoro ọmụmụ ACOSS/UNSW nke ịza Ogbenye n'Australia [1] na-eji ahịrị ike abụọ na-echekwa ego ụlọ ndị mmadụ.  Otu ahịrị ogbenye nke Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ji mee ihe na n' ụmụaka ihe a, zoro aka na ọkara nke ego etiti maka ihe niile, ya bụ, 50% nke ego etiti na nke ọzọ bụ.  60% nke etiti.  ego

Ogbenye zuru oke, oke ịda ogbenye

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[4]Ebu ụzọ webatara na 1990, ụbịa ndị ogbenye kwa ụbọchị na- ndị ogbenye zuru oke site n'ụkpụrụ nke mba kacha daa ogbenye.  Banklọ akụ ụwa kọwapụtara ahịrị ogbenye mba ụwa dị ka $1.27 kwa ụbọchị maka 2005 (nke ruru $1.00 kwa ụbọchị na ọnụ na ọnụ ahịa US 1996).  [1] mana emelitere na nso a ka ọ bụrụ $1.25 na $2.50 kwa ụbọchị.  [2] Ogbenye zuru oke, oke ogbenye, ma ọ bụ ego ogbenye dara ogbenye bụ "ịkwa e ji mara oke nke mkpa mmadụ bụ isi, nri nri, mmiri dị ọcha, ebe obibi ọcha, ebe obibi, njikọ.  na ozi.Ọ dabere na ọ bụghị naanị na nchekwa maka ọrụ.

Okwu a bụ 'ịda ogbenye zuru oke', mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụdị a, na-oke 'oke ego ogbenye: Robert McNamara, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke ụlọ akụ ụwa, ndị oke mkpa ma ọ bụ oke ere.  ogbenye dị ka, "... nke eri ihe na-edozi ahụ na-ejedebe . agụghị akwụkwọ, ọrịa, gburugburu ebe a na-ahụ ahụkebe, ọnụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-anwụ, na dị ndụ ala dị ka ọ ga-  adị n'okpuru ọlụ ezi uche dị na ya maka ụmụ mma mmadụ."  [1] [note 1] [2] Ɔstrelia bụ otu n'ime mba ndị bara àmà n'ụwa.  N'asụsụ ya nke e edi na Australian Policy Online, Robert Tanton na-ekwu na "Ọ bụ ebe na ego a kwesịrị mkpa maka mba ụwa nke Australia, ego a-eji gboo mkpa a bụ isi ga-adị  elu akụkụ n'ihi na ọnụ ahịa ihe ndị a dị mkpa dị elu."

Ihe nrịbama a na-eme ihe iji were ihe ndị na-enweta enweta ego n'uche bụ Index Development Human (HDI) nke United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na-achịkọta kwa afọ, nke na-ahụ ụzọ maka ego, ngwaọrụ.  na ibe.  Maka akụ na dị dị elu, e akụkụ Index nke Ịda ogbenye (HPI-2), nke na-emetụta oke ego, ngwaọrụ na dị na mba ndị a.  Ọstrelia nọ n'ọkwa dị elu na ndeksi zuru ụwa ọnụ.

A gbakọrọ ahịrị ịda ogbenye ikwu na Australia maka ajụjụ ịda ogbenye Henderson na 1973. Ọ bụ $62.70 kwa izu, nke bụ ego a na-atụfu n'efu chọrọ iji kwado mkpa bụ isi nke ezinụlọ nke ndị okenye abụọ na ụmụaka abụọ dabere n'oge ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ Melbourne na-emelite ahịrị ịda ogbenye a mgbe niile dịka mmụba na nkezi ego; maka otu onye na-enweghị ọrụ, ọ bụ $445.40 kwa izu (gụnyere ụgwọ ụlọ) na Machị 2020. [5] N'Australia, ịda ogbenye OECD ga-adaba na "ego a ga-atụfu n'ihe na-erughị $358 kwa izu maka otu okenye (nke dị elu maka ezinụlọ buru ibu iji tụlee maka nnukwu ego ha na-efu).

Ụbịam nwa

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A na-eme atụmatụ ịda ogbenye ụmụaka na 0.13 (n'okpuru afọ 17) dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ OECD si kwuo (iji ego nke etiti) site na 2013 - 2017. [6] Dị ka ACOSS si kwuo, ụmụaka nọ n'okpuru afọ 15 nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye nke 17.3%, na ndị na-eto eto dị afọ 15 ruo 24 nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 13.9%. [7] Ha na-atụ aro na ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye dị elu metụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye dị elu n'etiti ndị okenye na-alụbeghị di (a na-eche na 25%). [8] Nke a dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpokọta ịda ogbenye mba nke 12.8% dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ OECD siri kwuo. [6] National Center for Social and Economic Modeling (NATSEM) na-atụ aro ihe ọzọ kpatara oke ịda ogbenye ụmụaka nwere ike ịbụ enweghị ụlọ dị ọnụ ala maka ndị okenye na-enweghị ego. Ha chọpụtara na pasentị 39 nke ezinụlọ nwere ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 15 ka e nyere ego mgbazinye na-agaghị akwụ ụgwọ, nke na-egosi na ịrị elu ọnụ ahịa nnyefe n'Australia nwere ike na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye ụmụaka. [9]

Ogbenye Ogbenye

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Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na OECD (iji ego na-akpata etiti), ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye nke ụmụ amaala 66 abụ abụọ nke mba na 0.257.  [1] Iji lelee ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye agadi Australia n'otu n'otu, ọ nọ n'ọkwa #4 n'etiti mba OECD, 8 ugboro ugboro n'ogo 0.031 maka France, Netherlands na Denmark.  Akọego ahụ dị ka nke akụ na na-emesapụ aka ndị ọzọ, yana US na 0.229 na UK na 0.142.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye ndị agadi dị ala, ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-egosi na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ụlọ dị elu na Australia n'etiti ndị agadi.  ለምሳሌ, nkọwa nke Income na Housing nke Australian Bureau of Statistics' 2009-10 na-egosi na 33% nke nwe ụlọ ha na-egosi, ebe 36% nwewe ụlọ n'ihu (nke ahụ bụ 21% nke ndị nwe ụlọ.  nwere ego ).  [2] Nke a dị mkpa ma e jiri ya mere onye nwe ụlọ na United States, ebe Washington Post na-eme akwụkwọ na 66% nke ndị nwe ụlọ US nwere ụfọdụ ụdị ụdị.  [3] Ịbụ ego nwe ụlọ dị elu nke Australia na ọnụma na-ahụ dị ala nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi na akụ nke ụmụ amaala mpaghara apụta 66, ọ bụghị na-egosi na mgbasa ogbenye merela agadi.

Akụkọ banyere ịda ogbenye na Australia

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N'ime afọ ndị sochiri njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na n'oge ọganihu akụ na ụba nke Australia nwere ogologo oge mgbe agha gasịrị, a kwenyere n'ọtụtụ ebe na iwebata steeti ọdịmma yana mmalite nke ọha mmadụ bara ọgaranya emesịa kwụsị ịda ogbenye na " obodo nwere chioma". Otú ọ dị, n'etiti afọ iri isii na ụma, hụrụ "nchọgharị" nke ịda ogbenye, ebe ọ bụ na a chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ndị Australia enweghị ikere òkè na ọganihu akụ na ụba mgbe agha gasịrị. [10]

Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta na òtù mere ka nnọgidesi ike nke ịda ogbenye na Australia pụta ìhè. Dị ka otu ọkà mmụta na 1960, Helen Hughes si kwuo, ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọkara nde ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ na ndị agadi na ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ezumike nká n'Australia bụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-eme atụmatụ na ha nọ n'ụbịam. N'afọ 1959, onye mmụta ọzọ aha ya bụ James Jupp dere banyere "n'ime ụzọ iri" nke ndị Australia hapụrụ na ọganihu akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ, gụnyere ndị Aborigine, ndị bi n'ụlọ ezumike, ndị nwunye gbahapụrụ, ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ, ndị bi n'ime ụlọ, ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ezumike nká, na "ọ dịghị. - ndị na-eche ". Ndị otu Victoria na Australian Councils of Social Service mere nyocha banyere oke ịda ogbenye n'Australia, ebe ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụka, Brotherhood St. Laurence, mere ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere mkpa ezinụlọ ndị na-enweghị ego. na ndị ezumike nka. [10]

Enwekwara ọnọdụ ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ ndị Australia. Ngụkọ e mere na 1954 gosiri na ezinụlọ 49,148 bi n'ụlọ ọnụ ụlọ na n'ụlọ awụsa, ebe ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1972, ihe karịrị 1.5 nde mmadụ nọ n'obodo ukwu ndị ahụ bi n'ime ụlọ na ụlọ ndị na-ejikọtaghị na usoro mkpofu mmiri ozuzo zuru oke. [11] Na 1971, Institute of Applied Economic Research mere atụmatụ na ọ dịkarịa ala 1 nde ndị Australia bi na ịda ogbenye. [12] Otu akụkọ nke Justice John A. Nimmo sitere na mmalite nke Seventies kwuru na e nwere ihe dị ka otu nde ndị Australia bi n'okpuru "oke ịda ogbenye dara ogbenye." [13]

N'ime akụkọ a, Commission chọrọ ịchọpụta oke ịda ogbenye n'Australia n'ihe gbasara ego ezughị oke n'ihe gbasara mkpa, ma kọwapụtara ahịrị ịda ogbenye dị ka pasentị nke ego a na-enweta, nke edoziri maka nha ezinụlọ. Edebere ahịrị ịda ogbenye na 56.5% nke ego a na-enweta maka ezinụlọ "ọkọlọtọ" (nke nwere onye na-eri nri nwoke, nwanyị anaghị arụ ọrụ akwụ ụgwọ, yana ụmụaka abụọ dabere). Dị ka akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, 8.2% nke ndị mmadụ bi na ịda ogbenye na 1972-73, ma ọ bụ 6.4% mgbe a na-atụle ụgwọ ụlọ. [14] Tupu akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ, ihe karịrị 10% nke ndị na-akpata ego na 1972-73 nọ n'okpuru ahịrị ịda ogbenye nke kọmishọna, ebe 8% ọzọ kọwapụtara dị ka 'ọ dara ogbenye', na-enweta ego na-erughị 20% karịa ahịrị ahụ. Mgbe a tụlechara ụgwọ ụlọ, pasent nke ndị na-akpata ego bi n'okpuru ịda ogbenye bụ ihe dịka 7%. [15] .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .reflist{column-gap:2em}

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Poverty – Poverty and Inequality.
  2. ↑ Report shows three million people in poverty in Australia and why we must act to support each other – ACOSS.
  3. ↑ Templeeti:Cite report
  4. ↑ [UN declaration at World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995]
  5. ↑ Tanton (6 July 2009). Poverty versus inequality. Australian Policy Online. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved on 10 February 2012.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Inequality - Poverty rate - OECD Data (en). theOECD. Retrieved on 2018-12-13.
  7. ↑ ACOSS and UNSW Sydney: Poverty in Australia 2018. www.acoss.org.au. Retrieved on 2018-12-13.
  8. ↑ Poverty Report (October 2010): Poverty and Its Causes. www.acoss.org.au. Retrieved on 2018-12-13.
  9. ↑ By 2030, 'no Australian child will be living in poverty' – why can't we promise that? (en-au). www.swinburne.edu.au. Retrieved on 2018-12-13.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Philip Mendes (2008). Australia's Welfare Wars: the Players, the Politics and the Ideologies. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-991-7.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mendes" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ The Whitlam Government 1972–1975 by Gough Whitlam
  12. ↑ "Luxury, And Poverty: Economic Inequalities in Australia", The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 March 1971, p. 23. Retrieved on 3 April 2014.
  13. ↑ Britannica Book of the Year 1971, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., William Benton (Publisher)
  14. ↑ Frank J. B. Stilwell & Kirrily Jordan (2007). Who Gets What?: Analysing Economic Inequality in Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70032-0. 
  15. ↑ (11 March 2004) "Poverty and inequality in Australia", A Hand Up Not a Hand Out: Renewing the Fight Against Poverty (Report on Poverty and Financial Hardship). Commonwealth of Australia, 33–53. ISBN 978-0-642-71199-1. 
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