Wikipedia

Ịdị ọcha nke hydrogen

Hydrogen dị ọcha ma ọ bụ hydrogen àgwà na-akọwa ọnụnọ nke adịghị ọcha na hydrogen mgbe ejiri ya dị ka gas mmanụ. Ihe na-adịghị ọcha na hydrogen nwere ike igbochi ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke ngwá ọrụ na-echekwa, na-ekesa, ma ọ bụ na-eji mmanụ hydrogen.

Ihe Hydrogen Dị Ịdị Ọcha chọrọ

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Mmetụta nke adịghị ọcha dịgasị iche na ngwá ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ eji eme ihe na ọdịdị physico-chemical nke adịghị ọcha ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, hydrogen boilers nke na-ere hydrogen ọkụ ga-anabata n'ozuzu oke nke adịghị ọcha karịa ụgbọ ala na-eji polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) [1] na adịghị ọcha dị ka nitrogen na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị emerụ ahụ karịa ụdị dị ka hydrogen sulphide. [2]

Dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha a kapịrị ọnụ, ọ gaghị ezu ịdabere na metrik nkịtị nke ịdị ọcha gas, nke a na-akọkarị site na iji itoolu (dịka >99.9990% ma ọ bụ 5.0N), [3] ebe ọ bụ na nke a anaghị enye ozi zuru oke banyere ihe na-enweghị ọcha nwere ike ịdị na ọkwa dị ala. Kama nke ahụ, e mepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu maka ịdị ọcha mmanụ maka ngwa ụfọdụ. Ụkpụrụ mba ụwa ISO 14687:2019 [2] na-akọwapụta oke oke ikike maka ọtụtụ isi adịghị ọcha dabere na ojiji. A na-anakwere ụkpụrụ a n'ime iwu n'ọtụtụ ikike. [4] ọmụmaatụ, na Europe Ntuziaka 2014/94/EU maka itinye n'ọrụ akụrụngwa mmanụ ọzọ na-ekwu na ịdị ọcha hydrogen nke ebe hydrogen na-agbanye ga-agbaso nkọwapụta teknụzụ gụnyere na ISO 14687-2.

Ụgbọ ala eletrik

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Ụgbọ ala eletriki mmanụ ụgbọala na-ejikarị polymer electrolyte membrane mmanụ ụgbọala (PEMFC) nke nwere ike ịnweta ụdị adịghị ọcha. Ihe adịghị eme na-emetụta PEMFC site na iji usoro dị iche iche, ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye nsị na-eme ka mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume anode hydrogen oxidation, na-ebelata ionic conductivity nke ionomer na akpụkpọ ahụ, na-agbanwe omume wetting nke components ma ọ bụ igbochi porosity na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi. Mmetụta nke ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha dị ka carbon monoxide, formic acid, ma ọ bụ formaldehyde nwere ike ịtụgharị site na arụmọrụ PEMFC na-agbake ozugbo ewepụrụ ihe[5]-adịghị ọcha, dịka ọmụmaatụ, sulphurous compounds, nwere ike ịkpata mmebi a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. A na-egosi oke nke hydrogen adịghị ọcha n'okpuru ebe a.

Nkọwapụta nke Fuel Quality Maka Hydrogen Gaus nyere ụgbọala PEMFC [6]
−1 ọgụgụ Kasị Elu / μmol mol-1
Ngụkọta nke gas ndị na-abụghị hydrogen 300
Mmiri 5
Ngụkọta Hydrocarbons Ewezuga Methane [Nkepụta carbon atom] 2
Methane 100
Mmanụ oxygen 5
Helium 300
Naịjirịa 300
Argon 300
Carbon Dioxide 2
Carbon Monoxide 0.2
Ngụkọta nke Sulphur Compounds [Sulphur atom basis] 0.004
Formaldehyde 0.2
Formic Acid 0.2
Ammoniya 0.1
Halogenated Compounds [Halogen ion basis] 0.05
Ọnụ ọgụgụ Kasị Elu nke Particulate −1 mg kg-1 

[7] na-eme mgbalị iji nyochaa nkwenye nke hydrogen nke ụlọ ọrụ hydrogen na-enye megide ọkọlọtọ ISO-14687. [8] [9] Ọ bụ ezie na a chọpụtara na hydrogen bụ 'ezi' [8] mmebi nke ọkọlọtọ a kọrọ, ọtụtụ mgbe maka nitrogen, mmiri na oxygen.

Injin na Ngwaọrụ Mmanụ

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Ngwa ọkụ [10]-anabata ihe na-adịghị ọcha nke hydrogen karịa PEFMC, n'ihi ya, ọkọlọtọ ISO-14687 maka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị adịghị ike. [1] A katọrọ ọkọlọtọ a n'onwe ya site na ngbanwe ndị a tụrụ aro iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo nro na ya mere dabara adaba maka hydrogen ekesara site na netwọk gas eweghachiri.

Nkọwapụta nke Fuel Quality maka Hydrogen Gas nke a na-enye na Combustion Engines na Ngwaọrụ [11]
Ịdị ọcha −1 ọgụgụ Kasị Elu / μmol mol-1
Ngụkọta nke gas ndị na-abụghị hydrogen 20 000
Mmiri Enweghị nkwụsịtụ
Ngụkọta Hydrocarbons [Ụdị carbon atom] 100
Carbon Monoxide 1
Sulphur [Ụdị atọm sulphur] 2
Mmiri, oxygen, nitrogen, argon jikọtara ọnụ 19 000
Akụkụ Ndị Na-adịgide Adịgide Ga-enwerịrị ego zuru ezu iji mebie ihe.

Isi Iyi nke Hydrogen Impurities

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Ọnụnọ nke adịghị ọcha na hydrogen na-adabere na nri nri na usoro mmepụta. Mmiri mmiri na-emepụta site na electrolysis nke mmiri nwere ike ịgụnye ikuku oxygen na mmiri, nke a na-ewepụkarị tupu ejiri ya. A na-emepụta hydrogen site na ngbanwe nke hydrocarbons dị ka ngwakọta na ngwakọta stoichiometric na carbon dioxide na carbon monoxide nke a ga-ekewapụ, gbakwunyere na-achọpụta adịghị ọcha site na nri nri dị ka ogige sọlfọ nwere ike ịdị na njedebe ikpeazụ hydrogen. Enwere ike iwebata adịghị ọcha n'oge nchekwa, nkesa, nkesa ma ọ bụ n'ihi arụrụ ọrụ akụrụngwa. Ihe [1] nke a gụnyere nkesa nke hydrogen site na netwọk gas a rụgharịrị arụgharị nke nwere ike imerụ ya na ọtụtụ adịghị ọcha ma ọ bụ mmebi nke ngwá ọrụ na ọdụ mmanụ. [12] ike ịkpachara anya tinye ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iji nyere aka ịchọpụta gas na-agbapụta.

Ụzọ e si enyocha ịdị ọcha nke hydrogen

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Dị ka ọnụọgụ a na-ekwe ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-enye ohere maka ọtụtụ adịghị ọcha dị ala nke a na a na-etinye ihe siri ike na mmetụta nke usoro nyocha. [13], mmeghachi omume dị elu nke ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha chọrọ iji ihe nnwale na usoro nyocha nke ọma. Nnyocha nke hydrogen nke [14] ihe ịma aka ma kpachara anya iji hụ na anaghị ewebata adịghị ọcha na sample ahụ nakwa na adịghị ọcha anaghị amịkọrọ ma ọ bụ meghachi omume n'ime ngwá ọrụ nnwale, enwere ụzọ dị iche iche ugbu a maka nnwale mana dabere na ịjupụta cylinder gas site na nozzle mmanụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ. na-eme mgbalị iji mee ka usoro nnwale dị mma ma jiri ya tụnyere. [15] chọrọ njikọta nke ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iji nyochaa ihe nlele hydrogen maka ihe niile edepụtara na ISO 14687-2. A na-egosi usoro dabara adaba maka adịghị ọcha n'otu n'otu na tebụl dị n'okpuru.

Ihe Nlereanya Ụzọ Nnyocha Maka Ịtụle Mgbasa nke Ịdị ọcha na Hydrogen[16][17]
Ịdị ọcha Ụzọ Nnyocha Pụrụ Iche Ihe Ndị A Na-achọpụta Ihe Ndị Dị Iche
Ngụkọta nke gas ndị na-abụghị hydrogen
Mmiri Quartz crystal microbalance

ma ọ bụ CRDS

1.3 ma ọ bụ 0.030
Ngụkọta Hydrocarbons Ewezuga Methane [Nkepụta carbon atom] GC-Methaniser-FID 0.1
Methane GC-Methaniser-FID, GC-EPD 0.1
Mmanụ oxygen GC-PDHID, GC-EPD 0.3
Helium GC-TCD 10
Naịjirịa GC-PDHID, GC-EPD 1
Argon GC-PDHID, GC-EPD 0.3
Carbon Dioxide GC-Methaniser-FID, GC-EPD 0.02
Carbon Monoxide GC-Methaniser-FID, GC-EPD 0.02
Ngụkọta nke Sulphur Compounds [Sulphur atom basis] GC-SCD, GC-EPD 0.001
Formaldehyde GC-Methaniser-FID 0.1
Formic Acid FTIR 0.2
Ammoniya GC-MS ma ọ bụ UV-visible spectroscopy ma ọ bụ FTIR 1 ma ọ bụ 0.03 ma ọ bụ 0.5
Halogenated Compounds (Halogen Ion Equivalent) TD-GC-MS 0.016

Na mgbakwunye na nyocha nyocha nyocha nke ụlọ nyocha nke enwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na-enyocha hydrogen maka adịghị ọcha. Ndị a gụnyere usoro ndị dị ka ihe mmetụta electrochemical [18] [19] na mass spectrometry. [20]

Ụzọ e Si Purify Hydrogen

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Hụkwa: Hydrogen purifier

Ịsacha hydrogen [1] akụkụ dị mkpa nke nkesa hydrogen ma enwere teknụzụ dị iche iche dabere na adịghị ọcha dị ugbu a na ọnọdụ usoro.

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 WP2 Report Hydrogen Purity (en-US). Hy4Heat. Retrieved on 2021-10-18.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 ISO 14687:2019 (en). Retrieved on 2021-10-18.
  3. ↑ Purity, Grades and Concentration (en). BOConline UK. Retrieved on 2021-10-27.
  4. ↑ Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels structure. Retrieved on 15 August 2018.
  5. ↑ X. Cheng, Z. Shi, N. Glass, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, D. Song, Z.-S. Liu, H. Wang and J. Shen (2007). "A review of PEM hydrogen fuel cell contamination:Impacts, mechanisms, and mitigation". Journal of Power Sources 165 (2): 739–756. DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.12.012. 
  6. ↑ ISO 14687:2019 (en). Retrieved on 2021-10-18.
  7. ↑ HYDRAITE public report D3.1 | HYDRAITE (en-US). Retrieved on 2021-10-18.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Aarhaug (2021-08-18). "Assessment of hydrogen quality dispensed for hydrogen refuelling stations in Europe" (in en). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (57): 29501–29511. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.163. ISSN 0360-3199. 
  9. ↑ Aarhaug (2020). "Mapping of Hydrogen Fuel Quality in Europe". Frontiers in Energy Research 8: 307. DOI:10.3389/fenrg.2020.585334. ISSN 2296-598X. 
  10. ↑ ISO 14687:2019 (en). Retrieved on 2021-10-18.
  11. ↑ ISO 14687:2019 (en). Retrieved on 2021-10-18.
  12. ↑ Hydrogen Odorant and Leak Detection Project Closure Report.
  13. ↑ Bacquart (2020-02-14). "Hydrogen quality sampling at the hydrogen refuelling station – lessons learnt on sampling at the production and at the nozzle" (in en). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45 (8): 5565–5576. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.178. ISSN 0360-3199. 
  14. ↑ Arrhenius (2021-10-11). "Strategies for the sampling of hydrogen at refuelling stations for purity assessment" (in en). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (70): 34839–34853. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.043. ISSN 0360-3199. 
  15. ↑ Murugan (2015-03-22). "Review of purity analysis methods for performing quality assurance of fuel cell hydrogen" (in en). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 (11): 4219–4233. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.041. ISSN 0360-3199. 
  16. ↑ Hydrogen purity (en). NPLWebsite. Retrieved on 2021-10-18.
  17. ↑ Bacquart (2019-12-31). "Hydrogen fuel quality from two main production processes: Steam methane reforming and proton exchange membrane water electrolysis" (in en). Journal of Power Sources 444: 227170. DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227170. ISSN 0378-7753. 
  18. ↑ Mukundan (2020). "Development of an Electrochemical Hydrogen Contaminant Detector" (in en). Journal of the Electrochemical Society 167 (14): 147507. DOI:10.1149/1945-7111/abc43a. 
  19. ↑ Noda (2017-02-02). "Hydrogen pump-type impurity sensors for hydrogen fuels" (in en). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 (5): 3281–3293. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.066. ISSN 0360-3199. 
  20. ↑ HydrogenSense (en). www.vandf.com. Retrieved on 2021-10-27.
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