Òtù Enyemaka nke Britain

 

Otu British Association for Relief of Nsogbu na Ireland na ugwu Scotland, nke a mara dị ka British Relief Association (BRA), bụ ọrụ onwe nke etiti akpan akpan nke 19 na United Kingdom nke Great Britain na Ireland .  N'ịbụ ndị otu ndị ama ama ama, ndị ọrụ ụlọ na ndị na-ahụ maka iche onwe ha hiwere na 1847, ọrụ ebere ahụ bụ ndị na-eweta-eweta onwe kacha kacha n'oge oke ndụ Irish na ụnwụ nri Highland  Potato nke 1840s.  [1] [2] N'ime obere oge ọrụ ya, otu ahụ ikike ngosi na nkwado site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị agha agha na ndị eze, eze Queen Victoria .

Ntọala

Lionel de Rothschild, bụ onye e Association site na mkpali ya

Mgbe ọrịa nduku mbụ na mbụ na Ireland na 1845, e nwere ụfọdụ ọrụ ịhụta ego n'otu oge na British Islands .  Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa nke abụọ na 1846 wetara nhọrọ nhọrọ gbakọrọ ọnụ na nke zuru ebe nile.  Mbipụta nke nsogbu na Times na 24 December 1846 sitere n'aka onye Irishman, Nicholas Cummins, dugara na mbubata ihe na-enye sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ Britain na ndị ọrụ ụlọ akụ, na n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole ka ewelitere ihe.  mbụ £10,000.  [3] N'ihi ya, e hiwere Òtù Enyemaka Britain n'aka Baron Lionel de Rothschild iji jikwaa nri maka oriri ahụ nkwa nri.

Ndị BRA nwere ikike izizi ya na 1 Jenụwarị 1847 n'iche London nke Baron de Rothschild.  Rothschild gosiri ụfọdụ obodo na ndị ọzọ ma na Britain ka ha bịa akwụkwọ ahụ, bụ nke Mayer Amschel de Rothschild, John Abel Smith, George Robert Smith, Henry Kingscote, Samuel Gurney na Hon.  Stephen Spring Rice, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  [4] ndị dị n'ihu, nke e mere na South Sea House na London, bụ Raikes Currie, Samuel Jones-Loyd, 1st Baron Overstone, Thomas Baring, 1st Earl nke Northbrook, George Kinnaird, 9th Lord Kinnaird na David Salomons.  , bụ ndị jere niile ozi na Kọmitii otu.  Spring Rice, otu n'ime ụmụ nwoke abụọ na kọmitii a egwuregwu na Ireland, bụ onye mgbaàmà nke BRA, ebe ọ nwere mgbaàmà mbụ mgbaàmà, nduku na ala ihe ya na County Kerry na County Limerick .  Onye ọla so na kọmitii nyere opekata mpe £1,000 maka ọrụ ndị ahụ, otu ahụ na-ezukọ kwa ụbọchị iji hazie ikenye ego.[4]

Saịtị akwụkwọ ya, British Relief Association nwere nkwudo njikọ ike nke ọma, na-abụ na Whig Party, nke a ụdị ya aka mbụ ọkwa mbụ.  Nhazi nke ọrụ ebere bụ onye Quaker philanthropist William Edward Forster toro, onye kwuru na nke aka na ihe nke kọmitii inye aka iche "onyinye ego" . [5]

Ọrịa nduku pụtara na Scotland na 1845 na ọzọ na 1846. Ya mere, otu ahụ wepụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ isii nke ego ya iji nyere aka na ugwu ugwu Scotland. [1]

Ihe omume

N'ime ndị ụbọchị ndị e dere Association, Ntụgharị maka nkwado na-amụ banyere otu dị n'ofe Ireland.  Kọmiti ahụ ahụ ịgbachitere ụlọ ọrụ ego na ụgbọ njem maka edemede.  [5] Na 4 January 1847 ụlọ ọrụ Peninsular na Oriental nyere onyinye iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebuga nri na Ireland, ụzọ ụgbọ oloko North Western, Great Western na South Western nyere ihe mere niile na-aga Ireland n'efu.  [5] Ebutere ọtụtụ n'ime menu ahụ site na otu esi dị adị na Ireland.  [1] Ndị otu BRA jiri njikọ ha gbaa ume ị nweta ego n'etiti ndị otu ime obodo na otu ndị agha ịhụnanya n'ofe tọrọ Ukwu Britain .  Ndị BRA na Gọọmenti Briten rụkọrọ ọrụ iji chịkọta ọrụ ha, ma chọkwara inyere ndị na-eso ụzọ enweta aka.  Nke a si ka ya na Sir Charles Trevelyan na-arụkọ ọrụ, 1st Baronet, onye akwụkwọ aka na mmemme BRA bụ ikike ikike nke Spring Rice na Paweł Strzelecki, onye anya Association na Ireland.  [6] E de mgbanwe Strzelecki na-agba mgba mgbe niile nye Association n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndị Britain, si otú a na-enye ihe eji mkpa dị mkpa nke oke ihe n'ebe ọha na eze Britain nọ.

Ka ọ na-erule 1 Ma ọchịchị 1847, idé Strzelecki ka o kesara ndị na mpaghara 65 n'ofe Ireland, nke nkiri bales nke uwe, ihe ụmụaka otu puku akpa osikapa na ihe nri nke nta ka ọ bụrụ puku barel nri.  Strzelecki ejirila £2,953 na County Mayo, £1,740 na County Donegal, na £1,193 na County Sligo site na 1 wiilka 1847. Na Westport, County Mayo, e mere ndụ na mmadụ 8,000 na-enye nri kwa izu site na menu Association n'  oge 1847. [7]

Mkparịta ụka na- Bedị mere ka apụta Strzelecki Onye isi ụmụaka na Mee 1847, a kpọgakwara ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ afọ iji nyere aka na ọrụ ahụ ahụ.  Lord Robert Clinton, Lord James Butler na Matthew James Higgins so na ndị nyere ọrụ ha.  [8] Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ndụ 1847, ihe ịhọpụta nwa oge n'akpa nke kichin ofe na Ireland na-enye mmadụ atọ nri nri kwa ụbọchị.  N'oge a, BRA ihe ibelata oke ọrụ nke ya, naanị Strzelecki ka nọ na Ireland n'aha Association na njedebe nke June.

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1847, ụbụrụ Britain ray na ha mụrụ na ọnwụ ga- , nakwa na ọ dịghị ego ọzọ sitere n'aka HM Treasury , emefu na ọrụ ahụ.  Ka o sina dị, mkpa maka nhọrọ ka ìhè, na Association jikwa ego ike nyere 22 Ogbenye ndị otu iwu na Ireland aka.  [1] N'ime ihe ụmụaka nwụnahụrụ ihe dị ka mma 200,000 nọ na Ireland ka e nyere nri n'efu kwa ụbọchị, ma aka ha uwe.  Ka ọ na-erule na Julaị 1848 ego nke British Relief Associationagwụchala kpamkpam, e mechakwara mechiri ahụ.

Na Scotland, ndị Earl nke Dalhousie na Lord Kinnaird haziri eze otu ahụ.

Onyinye

Queen Victoria nyere £2000 na British Relief Association ma bụrụ onye kacha enye onyinye

Na mkpokọta, ihe dị ka £ 500,000 (nke dabara na nde £ 52.26 na 2019) bụ ndị otu enyemaka Britain welitere. E zigara ihe karịrị onyinye 15,000 n'otu n'otu na ndị odeakwụkwọ BRA, nke ọ bụla e debere nke ọma na ndekọ kọmitii. [11]

Onyinye mbu nke BRA site na akụkụ Association sitere na Queen Victoria .  Queen ugboro ugboro ime nke sitere n'aka ndị ozi na-eche ụnwụ ahụ ma na-akwa ya emo maka kpara mbọ na egwuregwu na nsogbu ahụ.  O nyere £2,000 (nke ya na £187,000 na 2015) ụbọchị atọ ka emechara ọrụ ebere ahụ.  Nwanyị eze ezipụla onyunyo nke £1,000 na mbụ, mmalite otu ahụ, Stephen Spring Rice, akwụkwọ ndịra akwụkwọ ndenye ego ahụ wee kpesa Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Gray na "ezughi oke".  [1] A gwara eze mgbaàmà nke a, bụ onye mụbara onya ya site na £1,000.  N'echi ya Prince Albert nyere £500.  N'ime izu ndị sochirinụ, enwetara nri ndị ọzọ n'aka Adelaide nke Saxe-Meiningen (£ 1,000), Ernest Augustus, Eze Hanover (£ 1,000), Prince Adolphus, Duke nke Cambridge (£ 500), Princess Mary, Duchess nke  Gloucester na Edinburgh (£200) na Princess Sophia nke United Kingdom (£100). [1]

E Aama onyun̄ uzo n'aka Abdülmecid I, onye zitere £1,000, na ọtụtụ ndị agha ndị Briten, past Lord John Russell (£ 300), Sir Charles Wood (£200) na Sir Robert Peel (£200).  Otu n'ime ndị na-enye onyinye maka Association bụ Singapore Irish Relief Fund (£ 31), ụlọ ọrụ East India (£ 1,000), The Observer (£ 50), Magdalen College, Oxford (£ 200) na British Royal Household (  £247).  [12] Eiche nke £50 site n'aka ndị nta akụkọ nke magazin Punch, akwụkwọ a ma maka nlelị na agha acerbic na Ireland. [13]

Kọmiti nke Association bụ ecumenical na ndị nwere, ndị Anglịkan, ndị Juu na Roman.  Queen Victoria degara ndị Anglịkan akwụkwọ ozi mepere na Maachị na Ọktoba 1847, nke a maara dị ka 'Letter Queen', na-ahụ ndị a na- Times Church of England welitere ihe dịka £170,000 na £30,000 n'otu n'otu  .  [13] E nkọwa ndị ọzọ n'aka ndị otu Methodist, Roman Catholic na Baptist .

E si na mba ofesi ziga ọtụtụ nri.  E Zoo ihe £20,000 site na British North America, na Abraham Lincoln, bụ onye iwu na-eto eto, ka ede ozi dị ka onye nyere £5.  Otu nri kacha kacha bụ Kọmitii Enyemaka Bombay, bụ́ ndị welitere £10,177. [14]