Agụụ bụ ọnọdụ na adapụta site na iri nri nke ihe dị anụahụ mma ezughi oke ma ọ bụ dịfee oke nke nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike.[1][2] Ihe ndị dị anụahụ mma ekpokọtara nwere ike ịgụnye: nkeji ume, protin, nri na enye ike na ibu, vitamin ma ọ bụ mineral.[2] A na ejikarị ya iche iji rụtụ aka na erizughi nri dị mma ebe enweghị nkeji ume, protin ma ọ bụ mpekere ihe dị anụahụ mma zuru oke, agbanyeghị ọ gụnyekwara nrife ihe dị anụahụ mma.[3][4] Ọ bụrụ na erizughi ihe dị anụahụ mma dapụta n’oge afọ ime ma ọ bụ tupu afọ nke afọ abụọ nke afọ ọ nwere ike ịdapụta na nsogbu ga-adịgide na ntolite anụahụ yana ụbụrụ isi. [2] Erizughi ihe dị anụahụ dị ukwuu, ama ka ịkwụ ọnụ, nwere ike ịnwe ihe mgbanwe ndị gụnyere: mkpumkpu, ịta ahụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, yana ụkwụ koro eko yana oke afọ.[2][3] Ndị mmadụ oge ụfọdụ na enwetakarị ọrịa, ha na enwekarị oyi. Ihe mgbanwe nke ụkọ mpekere ihe dị anụahụ mma dabere na mpekere ihe dị anụahụ mma na adịghị.[3]

Agụụ
Nhazi na ihe ndị enwetara n’ime
Otu mpempe akwa orenji nke mpempe akwa mmata maka malnutrition.
ICD-9263.9
MedlinePlus000404
MeSHD044342

Ihe na ebutekarị erijughi afọ bụ n’ihi enweghị ezigbo nri dị mma dị maka oriri.[5] Nke a na emetụtakarị ọnụego nri dị elu yana ụbịam.[2][5] Ụkọ nke ịnye ntakịrị nwa ọhụụ ala nwere ike ịnyere aka, dị ka ọnụọgụ nke ọrịa ndị na efe efe dịka: afọ okuku, oke oyi, ịba yana akpata nke na ebuwanye mkpa ihe dị anụahụ mma.[5] Enwere ụdị abụọ nke erijughi afọ: ụkọ ike-protin yana ụkọ iri nri dị mma.[4] Ụkọ ike-protin nwere ụdị abụọ dị oke egwu: marasmus (ụkọ nke protin yana nkeji ume) yana kwashiorkor (ụkọ nke naanị protin).[3] Ụkọ mpekere ihe dị anụahụ mma ama ama gụnyere: ụkọ nke iron, iodine yana vitamin A.[3] N’oge afọ ime, n’ihi nchọ gbagolitere, ụkọ na adịkarị ebe niile.[6] N’ụfọdụ obodo ndị na etolite etolite nrife ihe dị anụahụ mma dị n’ụdị nke ibu mbutọkọ ebidola ịdị n’etiti otu ogbe dị ka erijughi afọ.[7] Ihe ndị ọzọ na ebute erizughi nri dị mma gụnyere anorexia nervosa yana ịwa ahụ bariatrik.[8][9] Na ndị okenye erizughi nri dị mma na adịkarị n’ihi ihe anụahụ, mmụọ mmadụ yana mmekọrịta.[10]

Mbọ iji melite nri dị ahụ mma bụ ụfọdụ nke ụdị ndị kachasị ire nke enyemaka ntolite.[11] Ịnye ntakịrị nwa ala nwere ike ịbelata ọnụ nke agụụ yana ọnwụ n’ụmụaka,[2] yana mbọ iji kwado omume ahụ na ebuwanye oke.[12] N’ụmụaka na etolite ịnye nri yana na mgbakwunye mmiri ala n’etiti ọnwa isii yana afọ abụọ na emelite ndapụta.[12] Enwekwara ihe akaebe ziri ezi na akwado mgbazinye nke ọnụọgụ nke mpekere ihe na adị anụahụ mma n’oge afọ ime yana n’ime ụmụ ntakịrị nọ n’ụwa ndị etolite etolite.[12] Iji wega nri n’ebe ndị mmadụ chọrọ ya nọ yana ịnyefe nri na ịnye ego ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike ịzụta nri n’ime ahịa mpaghara na arụ ọrụ.[11][13] Naanị ịnye ndị mmadụ nri n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ezughi oke.[11] Njikwa nke nnukwu agụụ n’ime ụlọ nke onye ahụ site na iji nri na agwọ ọrịa dị-njikere-iji ga-ekwe omume ọtụtụ oge.[12] Akwadoro n’ebe ndị nwere nnukwu agụụ agbagwojuru site na ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ahụike n’ime ụlọ ọgwụ.[12] Nke a na agụnyekarị ijikwa suga dị obere, temprechọ ahụ, ahụ ịta mmiri, yana iri nri nwayọ nwayọ.[12][14] A na akwadokarị usoro ime ihe ọgwụ mgbochi nje n’ihi nnukwu ihe egwu nke ibute orịa.[14] Ụkpụrụ ogologo oge gụnyere: imelite ụkpụrụ ịkọ ugbo,[15] ịbelata ụbịam, imelite gburugburu dị ọcha, yana nkwadige nke ụmụ nwanyị.[11]

Enwere ọnụọgụ nde ndị mmadụ 925  na erijughi afọ n’ụwa na 2010, mgbagote na nke nde 80 kemgbe 1990.[16][17] Ekpebiri na ijeri ndị mmadụ ọzọ enweghị vitamin na mineral.[11] Na 2010 ekpebiri na ụkọ ike-protin dapụtara na ọnwụ 600,000 gbadata site na ọnwụ 883,000 na 1990.[18] Ụkọ nri ndị ọzọ, nke gụnyere ụkọ iodine yana anemia ụkọ iron, dapụtara na ọnwụ 84,000 ọzọ.[18] Erijughi afọ na 2010 butere 1.4% nke obibi ndụ nkwarụ ahaziri.[11][19] Ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n’otu nke ọnwụ n’ụmụaka ka ekwenyere na ọ bụ n’ihi erijughi afọ; agbanyeghị, anaghị akpọkarị ọnwụ ndị ahụ otu ahụ.[5] Na 2010 ekpebiri na ọ nyere aka na ọnwụ ọnụọgụ nde 1.5 n’ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka[20] tụmadị ụfọdụ na ekpebi na ọnụọgụ ahụ gafere karịa nde 3.[12] Mgbakwunye ụmụaka ọnụọgụ nde 165 nwere mkpumkpu si na ọrịa ahụ.[12] Erijughi afọ dịkarịrị na obodo ndị na etolite etolite.[21]

Nrụtụ aka dezie

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  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 (2010) Facts for life, 4th ed., New York: United Nations Children's Fund, 61 and 75. ISBN 978-92-806-4466-1. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 (2012) Food and development. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 36–38. ISBN 9781135999414. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 (2011) Essentials of International Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9781449667719. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. Retrieved on 4 July 2014.
  6. (2007) Recurrent pregnancy loss, 2nd ed., New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. ISBN 9788184480061. 
  7. Progress For Children: A Report CardOn Nutrition. UNICEF. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved on 2015-10-23.
  8. (2005) Encyclopedia of human nutrition, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780080454283. 
  9. (2012) Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 9781455738120. 
  10. (2011) Principles and practice of geriatric surgery, 2nd ed., Berlin: Springer. ISBN 9781441969996. 
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 An update of ‘The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action’. Department for International Development (Oct 2012). Retrieved on 5 July 2014.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 (Aug 3, 2013) "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?". Lancet 382 (9890): 452–77. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4. PMID 23746776. 
  13. World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food (April 2012). Retrieved on 5 July 2014.
  14. 14.0 14.1 (2003) Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241546093. 
  15. Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks (October 2011). "Solutions for a cultivated planet". Nature 478 (7369): 337–342. DOI:10.1038/nature10452. PMID 21993620. 
  16. Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach (September 2010). Retrieved on 1 July 2014.
  17. (2008) The state of food insecurity in the world, 2008 : high food prices and food security : threats and opportunities. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). ISBN 978-92-5-106049-0. “FAO’s most recent estimates put the number of hungry [actually, malnourished] people at 923 million in 2007, an increase of more than 80 million since the 1990–92 base period.” 
  18. 18.0 18.1 Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604. 
  19. (Dec 15, 2012) "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2197–223. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4. PMID 23245608. 
  20. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. (December 2012). "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet 380 (9859): 2224–60. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. PMID 23245609. 
  21. (2002) World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development. ISBN 9781134774944.