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Ọkọlọtọ nke Ghana

ọkọlọtọ mba

Ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana nwere triband dị larịị nke Ọbara Ọbara, Ọla edo, na Akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ. E mere ya iji dochie Akara Anụnu Anụnụ nke Gold Coast.

Republic of Ghana
Ojiji Flag nke mba, ọkọlọtọ obodo na nke steetiSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya 2:3
A kuchiri ya 1957 28 Febụwarị 1966 (ịzụlite ọzọ)



Nhazi Triband dị larịị nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, ọlaedo, na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nke nwere kpakpando ojii n'etiti
Ebumnuche ya bụ Theodosia Okoh
Ụdị ọkọlọtọ nke Republic of Ghana
Ojiji Ihe nnọchianya obodoSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya 2:3
Nhazi Ubi na-acha ọbara ọbara nke nwere ọkọlọtọ mba, nke e ji oji mee, na canton
Ụdị ọkọlọtọ nke Republic of Ghana
Ojiji Akara ụgbọ mmiriSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya 2:3
Nhazi Red St. George's Cross na etiti etiti na-acha ọcha, na ọkọlọtọ mba na canton.

A nabatara ọkọlọtọ ahụ mgbe Dominion of Ghana nweere onwe ya na Machị 6, 1957. Ọ bụ Theodosia Okoh, onye na-ese ihe na Ghana a ma ama, mepụtara ya n'otu afọ ahụ.[1][2][3] A na-efe ọkọlọtọ ahụ ruo n'afọ 1959 ma weghachite ya n'afọ 1966. O nwere agba Pan-African nke Ethiopia nke Red, Gold, na Green, na eriri dị larịị, na kpakpando ojii nwere isi ise n'etiti eriri ọla edo. Flaglọ Ghana bụ ọkọlọtọ Afrịka nke abụọ na-esote ọkọlọtọ nke Alaeze Ukwu Etiopia iji gosipụta agba ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na a tụgharịrị agba ndị ahụ. Imewe ọkọlọtọ ahụ metụtara nke ọkọlọtọ Guinea-Bissau (1973).

Imewe dezie

E mere ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana dị ka tricolour na-esote usoro nke ọbara ọbara, ọla edo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Agba ndị ahụ na-anọchite anya ọgụ mba ahụ na-alụ maka nnwere onwe na ihe nnọchianya nke akụ ya bara ọgaranya n'ime ọnọdụ ala nke mba ahụ n'etiti mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka.[4] Agba atọ e ji mee ihe bụ ihe a na-agaghị echefu echefu na kpakpando nke igwe nke e mere na agba ojii n'ime etiti, na-ewere etiti etiti nke agba ọla edo.

A na-eji agba uhie uhie nke ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana na-anọchite anya ọbara nke ndị nna nna bụ ndị duziri ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ma kesaa ọbara ha ruo ọnwụ. Mgbalị mba ahụ na-agba maka nnwere onwe site na United Kingdom gburu ndị isi Ghana a ma ama n'oge ahụ. Aha nnukwu isii ahụ bụ Edward Akufo Addo, Dr. Ako Adjei, William Ofori Atta, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi Lamptey, na mgbe e mesịrị Osagyefor Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Nnukwu isii ahụ guzobere United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala ọzọ nke e guzobere iji nweta nnwere onwe Ghana site na ọchịchị ndị Britain.[5][6][7] Red na-anọchite anya ịhụnanya nke nwere ike imetụta ndị nna nna anyị bụ ndị duziri ọgụ maka nnwere onwe Ghana maka ịhụnanya nke mba ahụ.[8]

Agba ọla edo na-ewere akara etiti nke agba atọ na-adọrọ mmasị ma ọ na-anọchite anya akụ na ụba ndị a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara Ashanti nke mba Ghana, na-enyere aka iji akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ.[9] Ọlaedo ahụ bụ otu n'ime akụ na ụba Ghana nke a na-ahụkarị na Obuasi na mpaghara Ashanti na Tarkwa na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ.[10] Ịba ụba nke akụ na ụba ọlaedo nke Ghana dugara na aha mbụ Gold Coast nke e mesịrị gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ Ghana nke ọgụ na ihe ịga nke ọma nke inweta nnwere onwe na 1957.[11] Ihe ndị ọzọ dị na Ghana bụ diamond, bauxite, na manganese.[12]

Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosi anya oké ọhịa bara ọgaranya na akụ na ụba nke Ghana nke na-enye mba ahụ mmanụ, nri, na ihe ọkụkụ ego dịka koko, osisi, sheabutter, na ụdị nri niile maka mba ahụ.[13][14][15] A na-eji agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ruo taa dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ahịhịa ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta na Ghana. A maara Ghana maka ihe ọkụkụ ego ya nke koko nke Tetteh Quarshie si Fernando Po bu ụzọ weta Ghana. A na-ebupụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ Ghana na mba ndị ọzọ iji gbanwere ego nkịtị nke a na-eji maka mmepe nke okporo ụzọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, mmiri, ịdị ọcha na ụlọ ọrụ maka ọrụ maka ọrụ.[16]

Kpakpando ojii nke ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana bụ akara eji na-anọchite anya nnwere onwe nke Afrịka na ịdị n'otu megide ọchịchị.[17][18][19] A nabatara kpakpando ojii site na ọkọlọtọ nke Black Star Line, usoro mbupu nke Marcus Garvey debanyere aha ya nke na-arụ ọrụ site na 1919 ruo 1922. Ọ bụ ebe ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Ghana nwetara aha njirimara ha, "Black Stars".

Atụmatụ ụcha 



 Ọbara uhie odo odo Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Ọcha ojii
CMYK 0-96-84-19 0-17-94-1 100-0-43-58 100-100-100-99
HEX #CF0921 #FCD20F #006B3D #000000
RGB 207-9-33 252-210-15 0-107-61 0-0-0
 
Akara iwu ọkọlọtọ

Mgbalịsi ike Ghana gbalili maka nnwere onwe n'ihu ọkọlọtọ mba dezie

Ghana bụ otu n'ime mba ndị a gụrụ n'etiti mpaghara West Africa n'okpuru ọchịchị ọchịchị ọchịchị site na narị afọ nke 15 ruo 19 na Gold Coast. Ya mere, enwere ike ịchọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ghana na narị afọ nke iri na ise mgbe ndị mba Europe rutere n'ógbè ahụ.[20] Ndị Portuguese na-eme njem n'ụgbọ mmiri ji ụgbọ mmiri gbadaa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka na n'ikperé mmiri Gold Coast na 1471, ebe ha wuru onwe ha ụlọ elu na Elmina na 1482. Ndị Europe ndị ọzọ sochiri na 1492 iji tinye onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri si France. Ndị Europe wetara ibu ọlaedo n'ikperé mmiri nke Gold Coast ebe ha na Akwamus na Denkyiras na-azụ ahịa ọlaedo bụ ndị na-achịkwa akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ụsọ mmiri na belt ọhịa na narị afọ nke iri na asaa.[21]

Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ọchịchị nke ndị Ashantes nke Kumasi weghaara ahịa ọla edo na ndị Britain, Dutch na Danes bụ ndị isi ahịa Europe na osimiri Tano na Volta.[22] Ngwaahịa kachasị ọnụ ahịa maka mbupụ n'oge ahụ gbanwere site na ọlaedo gaa n'ohu. A na-ere ndị ohu maka égbè ma e wezụga ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. N'oge ahụ, e nyere ndị Ashantes ikike ịchịkwa ndị Asantehene nọ n'ocheeze ọla edo dị ka omenala nke ndị Ashantes. N'agbata afọ 1804 na 1814, ndị Britain, Dutch na ndị Denmark mechara machibido ahia ohu iwu, nke gosipụtara na ọ bụ nnukwu ihe na-akụ akụ na ụba Ashanti.[23][24] Ọnọdụ ahụ ghọrọ agha na 1820 na 1824 na 1870, ndị agha Britain meriri ha n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị weghaara mpaghara Kumasi na 1874. Ndị Britain ji nwayọọ nwayọọ pụta na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ka isi ike mba Europe.

Oge ọchịchị malitere site n'afọ 1902 ruo n'afọ 1957. E kwupụtara Alaeze Ashante na 1902 dị ka onye ọchịchị Britain ma ghọọ onye nchebe nke mpaghara ugwu nke Gold Coast. Gọọmentị na-achị mba ahụ na-achị obodo ahụ n'enweghị itinye aka nke ndị Afrịka na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, Gold Coast colony ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'etiti mba ndị dị na mpaghara Sahara nke Africa.[25][26] Ọ bụ mgbe Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah laghachiri Gold Coast na 1947 mgbe afọ iri na abụọ nke ọmụmụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na US na Great Britain gasịrị. Nlaghachi na Gold Coast bụ oku maka Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah iduzi United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu na ebumnuche iduzi mkpọsa maka ọchịchị onwe onye. UGCC n'oge ahụ enwetala ikike nke ndị Afrịka ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ime ndị omeiwu Britain. Site na nduzi nke Kwame Nkrumah, ọgba aghara zuru ebe niile malitere na Febụwarị 1948.

N'ime otu afọ ahụ, ndị isi guzobere UGCC jidere odeakwụkwọ ukwu Dr. Kwame Nkrumah maka ịdọ aka na ntị nke echiche megide atụmatụ ndu Nkrumah. Ihe omume ahụ wetara nkewa nke ndị ndu UGCC na Kwame Nkrumah ka ọ ga-eguzobe ndị otu Convention People's Party (CPP) nke ya na June 1949 maka ebumnuche nke ọchịchị onwe onye maka ndị Afrịka, nke a na-akpọ "Gọọmentị onwe onye ugbu a". Kwame Nkrumah haziri mkpọsa mkpesa na-enweghị ime ihe ike na ọgbaghara na 1950 iji mezuo ebumnuche ya.[27][28] Mana ọgba aghara dugara na njide nke abụọ nke Kwame Nkrumah.[29] Ntuli aka nke mpaghara ahụ wetara nnukwu mmeri na Convention People's Party na-enweghị Kwame Nkrumah, na-eduga na ntọhapụ Kwame Ncrumah n'ụlọ mkpọrọ iji sonye na ọchịchị nke mba ahụ. Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ghọrọ praịm minista nke Gold Coast n'afọ 1952. Na ntuli aka nke ntuli aka ihu na ihu nke 1956 nke ndị otu ntuli aka niile, British Togoland vootu isonyere Gold Coast na mkpọsa maka nkwadebe maka nnwere onwe. Ógbè Togo na Gold Coast nwetara nnwere onwe site na ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na 1957 n'okpuru ike kachasị elu nke Kwame Nkrumah. A nabatara aha mba ahụ bụ Ghana.[30]

Afọ nnwere onwe nke Gold Coast malitere na 1957 na aha ọhụrụ nke mba Ghana pụtara.[11] Onye Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah nke oge ahụ nyere nnwere onwe ma kwupụta ya bụ onye duziri ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Site na Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah dị ka onye isi ala mbụ nke Ghana, Ghana ghọrọ Republic n'ime Commonwealth of Nations na 1 Julaị 1960.

Theodosia Okoh (Onye haziri ọkọlọtọ mba ahụ) dezie

Theodosia Salome Abena Kumea Okoh bụ onye Ghana a ma ama na-ese ihe nke na-asọ mpi ma gosipụta nka ya na mba ụwa. O sonyeere Ghana Hockey Association (GHA) wee rụọ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche. Ọ bụkwa onye nkwado nke Sports Writer's Association of Ghana (SWAG).[31][1]

Nnọchianya dezie

 
Ọkọlọtọ nke Ghana n'elu osisi.

Ọkọlọtọ Ghana n'onwe ya na-eguzo kpamkpam dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ike nke mba ahụ na ihe ịga nke ọma nke inweta nnwere onwe ya mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọgụ na gọọmentị Britain. Ghana dị ka akụkụ nke mba ndị Afrịka na-achị achị lụrụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ya megide ọchịchị ndị Europe. E mepụtara ọkọlọtọ ahụ iji gosipụta nnwere onwe ọhụrụ nke Ghana site na ọchịchị ndị Britain mgbe mgbalị nke ndị na-eme nnwere onwe gbasịrị ọtụtụ iri afọ.[32][33] E mepụtara ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'etiti ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya na eziokwu maka ojiji ya.

E mepụtara ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mgbe ha nwetara nnwere onwe na 6 Machị 1957. E bu ụzọ mee ya n'ememe ụbọchị nnwere onwe mbụ dị ka ngosipụta nke nnwere onwe mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ọchịchị ndị Britain gasịrị.[34]

Arịrịọ ọha na eze na-ewu ewu maka ncheta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ọgaranya nke Ghana kpaliri mba ahụ ịlaghachi n'iji ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mbụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, ọla edo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na kpakpando ojii dị n'etiti agba ọla edo.[35] E weghachiri ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mbụ nke e ji mee ihe n'afọ1957 mgbe nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe Ghana nwere na 1966.[36] Ghana bụ otu n'ime mba ndị mbụ nabatara agba Pan African nke e ji mee ihe na ọkọlọtọ Etiopia.[37]

Ala Ghana site na ọdịdị ya bara ọgaranya na akụ ọrụ ugbo na ahịhịa ndụ.[38] Mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ nri maka iji ya eme ihe na mbupụ ya. Oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke na-eduga na mmepụta osisi, koko na-edugara na mmepụta nke osisi, kọfị, na chocolate. Ihe onwunwe ndị a n'onwe ha zuru ezu maka anyị iji jikwaa ihe onwunwe nke anyị na iji mee emume ọdịbendị bara ọgaranya nke ụmụ amaala na-eji agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ọkọlọtọ.[39]

Mgbalịsi ike maka nnwere onwe Ghana malitere site na mbata mbụ nke ndị Europe. E nwere àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ndị Ghana site na ọdịdị ojii nke ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ ha. Ndị Ghana na-akpa nganga maka ọdịdị ojii nke ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ ha ma gbakwunye kpakpando ojii iji gosipụta ịma mma nke akpụkpọ ojii. Ọzọkwa, a na-ezo aka na Black Star Line dị ka otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara gọọmentị na-achị ala ndị na-emegide ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Ghana na-aba uru nke mbupụ akụ ha bara ọgaranya maka uru ego.

Okike nke Union of African States (UAS) na njikọ Ghana na Guinea na 1959 dugara n'ịmepụta ọkọlọtọ nwere kpakpando abụọ dabere n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na Guinea anabatala ọkọlọtọ. Kpakpando abụọ ahụ gosipụtara njikọ Ghana na Guinea mgbe Guinea nwetara nnwere onwe ya. A gbakwunyere kpakpando nke atọ mgbe Mali sonyeere Union of African States na Mee 1959. E ji ụma jiri ọkọlọtọ Union mee ihe n'agbata afọ 1958 na 1961.[40] Esemokwu na-apụta n'ime afọ abụọ nke njikọ ahụ bilitere n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke mba ga-achị Union of African States. Esemokwu ahụ dugara na ọdịda nke Ghana ma laghachi n'iji akara kpakpando ojii mbụ ya na dochie anya agba ọla edo dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ gaa na agba ọcha na 1962.[41]

Arịrịọ ọha na eze na-ewu ewu maka ncheta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ọgaranya nke Ghana kpaliri mba ahụ ịlaghachi n'iji ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mbụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, ọla edo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na kpakpando ojii dị n'etiti agba ọla edo.[42] E weghachiri ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mbụ nke e ji mee ihe na 1957 mgbe nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe Ghana nwere na 1966.[43] Ghana bụ otu n'ime mba ndị mbụ nabatara agba Pan African nke e ji mee ihe na ọkọlọtọ Etiopia.[44]

Ebumnuche na ojiji nke ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana dezie

Ebumnuche nke ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana bụ inwe akara nke ọṅụ n'oge nnwere onwe. E nwere ọtụtụ ọkọlọtọ maka iji Ghana. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama bụ ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana akọwapụtara nke ejirila mee ihe maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche dịka ememme mba na nke mba ụwa, dị ka ememme ụbọchị nnwere onwe, ncheta nke nnukwu ndị isi isii na ndị isi mba Ghana gara aga. A na-ebuli ọkọlọtọ ahụ elu na-efe n'eluigwe iji mee ka ọ dị mma n'oge ndị dị ebube ebe a na-emekarị ka ọ na-efe efe n'etiti ụzọ iji gosipụta ụdị ọdachi nke nwere ike dakwasị mba ahụ.

Akara mba dezie

N'okpuru usoro nke ngalaba 183 nke Ghana's Merchant Shipping Act nke 1963, ọkọlọtọ obodo bụ ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na ọkọlọtọ mba na canton ojii. N'afọ 2003, e wepụtara iwu mbupu ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ, Otú ọ dị, nke a na-enye na "Ọkọlọtọ mba nke Ghana" bụ agba mba kwesịrị ekwesị maka ụgbọ mmiri Ghana. Enweghị aha maka ọkọlọtọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ ọzọ nwere ike.[45][46]

Akara ụgbọ mmiri bụ St. George's Cross na-acha ọbara ọbara na ọkọlọtọ ọcha, na ọkọlọlọtọ mba na canton.

Ọkọlọtọ nke ndị agha ụgbọelu na ọkọlọtọ ụgbọelu obodo dezie

Ndị agha ụgbọelu Ghana nwere ọkọlọtọ nke ha nke gụnyere ọkọlọtọ Ghana. Ndị na-anọchite anya ụgbọelu obodo na Ghana bụ ndị na-anọchi anya ụgbọelu mba. Ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọkọlọtọ Ghana na canton. A na-eji ma ọ bụ red, yellow na green roundel (n'ihe banyere ọkọlọtọ ndị agha) ma ọ bụ kpakpando ojii nwere isi ise (n'okwu banyere ọkọlọọkụ obodo). A na-eji ha abụọ eme ihe kemgbe nnwere onwe na 1957, na ntọala nke ndị agha ụgbọelu Ghana na 1959.

Akụkọ mere eme dezie

  •  
    Flag nke Gold Coast, onye bu ụzọ Ghana.E ji ya mee ihe ruo 1957.
  •  
    Flag mbụ nke Union of African States na Guinea, nke e ji mee ihe n'etiti 1958 na 1961.
  •  
    Flag nke abụọ nke Union of African States, nke e ji mee ihe n'etiti 1961 na 1963 (mgbe Mali sonyere).
  •  
    Flag nke mba Ghana (1964-1966).
  •  
    Flag nke President nke Ghana kemgbe 1966.Onye isi ala nke Ghana; ihe yiri ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana nke nwere ọla edo.

A na-efe ọkọlọtọ gọọmentị Ghana, nke a nabatara na 1957, ruo n'afọ 1962. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbe mba ahụ guzobere Union of African States, a na-eji ọkọlọtọ nke Union mee ihe na ọkọlọtọ mba Bolivia, mana ya na kpakpando ojii abụọ, na-anọchite anya mba ndị ahụ. Na Mee 1959, a gbakwunyere kpakpando nke atọ.

Mgbe ntuli aka iwu nke Jenụwarị 1964 gasịrị, Ghana nakweere ụdị tricolour nke 1957 na-acha ọcha n'ọnọdụ odo, mgbe agba nke mkpebi Kwame Nkrumah na otu iwu kwadoro Convention People's Party, na-eme ka ọ dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba Hungary. E weghachiri ọkọlọtọ mbụ nke 1957 na Febụwarị 1966 mgbe a kwaturu Nkrumah na Febụwaị 1966.[47]

Ntụaka dezie

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh. GhanaWeb. Retrieved on 2020-08-19.
  2. ↑ "Mrs Theodosia Okoh: The Woman Who Designed The Ghanaian Flag", African Celebs.
  3. ↑ Theodosia Salome Okoh Profile at GhanaWeb.
  4. ↑ Ghana Flag. GhanaWeb. Retrieved on 2020-08-20.
  5. ↑ (March 2007) "Contact Downunder". Contact Dermatitis 56 (3): 183. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.00892.x. ISSN 0105-1873. 
  6. ↑ Austin (July 1961). "The Working Committee of the United Gold Coast Convention". The Journal of African History 2 (2): 273–297. DOI:10.1017/S0021853700002474. ISSN 0021-8537. 
  7. ↑ United Gold Coast Convention | political organization, Ghana (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2020-08-19.
  8. ↑ Dankwa (2011). ""The One Who First Says I Love You": Same-Sex Love and Female Masculinity in Postcolonial Ghana". Ghana Studies 14 (1): 223–264. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2011.0007. ISSN 2333-7168. 
  9. ↑ Bowell (December 1992). "Supergene gold mineralogy at Ashanti, Ghana: Implications for the supergene behaviour of gold". Mineralogical Magazine 56 (385): 545–560. DOI:10.1180/minmag.1992.056.385.10. ISSN 0026-461X. 
  10. ↑ OSAE (March 1999). "Ore Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry of the Ashanti Gold Deposit at Obuasi, Ghana". Resource Geology 49 (1): 1–11. DOI:10.1111/j.1751-3928.1999.tb00027.x. ISSN 1344-1698. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Howe (1957). "Gold Coast into Ghana". The Phylon Quarterly 18 (2): 155–161. DOI:10.2307/273187. ISSN 0885-6826. 
  12. ↑ Patterson (1971). "Investigations of ferruginous bauxite and other mineral resources on Kauai and a reconnaissance of ferruginous bauxite deposits on Maui, Hawaii". Professional Paper. DOI:10.3133/pp656. ISSN 2330-7102. 
  13. ↑ Owens (2016). "Historical geographies of wealth: opportunities, institutions and accumulation, c. 1800–1930". Handbook on Wealth and the Super-Rich: 43–67. DOI:10.4337/9781783474042.00010. 
  14. ↑ Osei-Bonsu (1998-01-01). "The establishment and early yield of cocoa intercropped with food crops in Ghana". Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 31 (1). DOI:10.4314/gjas.v31i1.1944. ISSN 0855-0042. 
  15. ↑ Knight (2013-07-09). "Potential damage of GM crops to the country image of the producing country". GM Crops & Food 4 (3): 151–157. DOI:10.4161/gmcr.26321. ISSN 2164-5698. PMID 24002524. 
  16. ↑ Oduro (2014-11-03). "Beyond poverty reduction: Conditional cash transfers and citizenship in Ghana". International Journal of Social Welfare 24 (1): 27–36. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12133. ISSN 1369-6866. 
  17. ↑ "Flag of Ghana: The Meaning of the Flag", GhanaWeb.
  18. ↑ "Theodosia Salome Okoh, Ghana's Illustrious Daughter", Flex Newspaper, 29 January 2017.
  19. ↑ Zachary (2004-03-01). "Black star: Ghana, information technology and development in Africa". First Monday 9 (3). DOI:10.5210/fm.v9i3.1126. ISSN 1396-0466. 
  20. ↑ Shumway (2018). "A Shared Legacy: Atlantic Dimensions of Gold Coast (Ghana) History in the Nineteenth Century". Ghana Studies 21 (1): 41–62. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2018.0003. ISSN 2333-7168. 
  21. ↑ Chalmers (November 1900). "Uncomplicated Æstivo-Autumnal Fever in Europeans in the Gold Coast Colony, West Africa". The Lancet 156 (4027): 1262–1264. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)99958-1. ISSN 0140-6736. 
  22. ↑ (October 1904) "The Gold Coast at the End of the Seventeenth Century Under the Danes and Dutch". African Affairs 4 (XIII): 1–32. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093856. ISSN 1468-2621. 
  23. ↑ Reese (November 2019). "Dear Graduate Student…". Anthropology News 60 (6). DOI:10.1111/an.1303. ISSN 1541-6151. 
  24. ↑ Voss (2020-07-01). "Their Most Valuable and Most Vulnerable Asset". Journal of Global Slavery 5 (2): 204–237. DOI:10.1163/2405836x-00502004. ISSN 2405-8351. 
  25. ↑ (June 1902) "Sanitary Progress in the Gold Coast Colony". The Lancet 159 (4111): 1710. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)85617-8. ISSN 0140-6736. 
  26. ↑ (2016-08-24) Cyclical Behavior of Fiscal Policy among Sub-Saharan African Countries. DOI:10.5089/9781513563541.087. ISBN 9781513563541. 
  27. ↑ HISTORY OF GHANA. www.historyworld.net. Retrieved on 2020-08-20.
  28. ↑ Rathbone (1991). "Kwame Nkrumah: The Conakry Years: His Life and Letters". The International Journal of African Historical Studies 24 (2): 471. DOI:10.2307/219836. ISSN 0361-7882. 
  29. ↑ Sayeed (1959). "The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah". International Journal 14 (4): 324. DOI:10.2307/40198684. ISSN 0020-7020. 
  30. ↑ Bradley (July 1957). "Ghana. The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah". International Affairs 33 (3): 383. DOI:10.2307/2605549. ISSN 1468-2346. 
  31. ↑ Valls-Russell (2011-09-01). ""As she had some good, so had she many bad parts": Semiramis' Transgressive Personas". Caliban (29): 103–118. DOI:10.4000/caliban.746. ISSN 2425-6250. 
  32. ↑ Chakkalakal (2011-08-01). Novel Bondage. University of Illinois Press. DOI:10.5406/illinois/9780252036330.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-252-03633-0. 
  33. ↑ Flag of Ghana (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2020-08-20.
  34. ↑ Ghana Flag: 10 Striking Facts About the National Flag. BuzzGhana (2015-07-14). Retrieved on 2020-08-20.
  35. ↑ Shumway (2018). "A Shared Legacy: Atlantic Dimensions of Gold Coast (Ghana) History in the Nineteenth Century". Ghana Studies 21 (1): 41–62. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2018.0003. ISSN 2333-7168. 
  36. ↑ Gyimah-Boadi (2007). "Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity". Ghana Studies 10 (1): 107–143. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2007.0004. ISSN 2333-7168. 
  37. ↑ Gyimah-Boadi (2007). "Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity". Ghana Studies 10 (1): 107–143. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2007.0004. ISSN 2333-7168. 
  38. ↑ Diao (September 2011). "Poverty Implications of Agricultural Land Degradation in Ghana: An Economy-wide, Multimarket Model Assessment". African Development Review 23 (3): 263–275. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8268.2011.00285.x. ISSN 1017-6772. 
  39. ↑ Cebrián (December 2010). "The Sources and Resources of Our Indigenous Theology". The Ecumenical Review 62 (4): 361–370. DOI:10.1111/j.1758-6623.2010.00076.x. ISSN 0013-0796. 
  40. ↑ Venkatesan (1958). "37. Correlation between cosmic ray intensity and geomagnetic activity". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 6: 345–354. DOI:10.1017/s0074180900237935. ISSN 0074-1809. 
  41. ↑ (1962) "Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (Union of African States)". International Organization 16 (2): 443–444. DOI:10.1017/s0020818300011206. ISSN 0020-8183. 
  42. ↑ Shumway (2018). "A Shared Legacy: Atlantic Dimensions of Gold Coast (Ghana) History in the Nineteenth Century". Ghana Studies 21 (1): 41–62. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2018.0003. ISSN 2333-7168. 
  43. ↑ Gyimah-Boadi (2007). "Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity". Ghana Studies 10 (1): 107–143. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2007.0004. ISSN 2333-7168. 
  44. ↑ Gyimah-Boadi (2007). "Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity". Ghana Studies 10 (1): 107–143. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2007.0004. ISSN 2333-7168. 
  45. ↑ (1877-08-04) "The Flag, and Other Flags". Scientific American 4 (83supp): 1321. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican08041877-1321asupp. ISSN 0036-8733. 
  46. ↑ North Atlantic Fisheries Intelligence Group. (2018). Chasing Red Herrings : Flags of Convenience, Secrecy and the Impact on Fisheries Crime Law Enforcement. Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 978-92-893-5160-7. OCLC 1081106582. 
  47. ↑ Bradley (1957). "Ghana. The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah". International Affairs 33 (3): 383. DOI:10.2307/2605549. ISSN 1468-2346. 

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